Analysis and suggestion of Soybean production in Huludao City

Soybean is not only one of the main crops in Huludao City, but also a traditional crop. Soybean is not only a protein crop but also an oil crop. In recent years, the development of soybean production is slow, there has been no major breakthrough. In this paper, the present situation of soybean production in Huludao was analyzed for reference.

1. Present situation of soybean production. According to the statistical data, from 1996 to 2005, the soybean planting area in Huludao City fluctuated greatly, hovering between 10000 and 26000 hectares. Among them, the highest was 26000 hectares in 2000 and the lowest was 10000 hectares in 2005. The planting area is more than 20000 hectares and less than 20000 hectares each for five years. The planting area of soybean accounts for about 11% of the total area of grain and beans. The per unit yield of soybean is unstable, with the lowest yield of 613.0kg/ ha in 1999 and the highest yield of 2603.6kg/ ha in 2004. In general, the per unit yield is 1700~2100kg/ ha, which is in the middle and lower level of Liaoning Province.

two。 There's a problem. The main results are as follows: (1) the renewal of varieties is slow and the use time of some varieties is long. Soybean varieties are conventional varieties, which are often used for many years after breeding, and the renewal speed is slow. At present, there are more than 10 soybean varieties in Huludao area, including Tiefeng 29, Tiefeng 31, Tiefeng 35, Liaodou 15, Liaodou 16 and so on. Liaodou 10, Kaiyu 10 and other old varieties. As a result of planting for many years, the species degenerated and the disease resistance decreased, resulting in low yield. (2) excessive density. According to the survey, 50% to 60% of the area of soybean leaves more seedlings and has a high density, about 300000 to 450000 plants per hectare, seriously exceeding the suitable density. The reason is that the traditional sowing method has a large sowing amount, 120~150kg/ hectare, and there are no inter-seedlings after emergence. Excessive density results in canopy closure of branches and leaves, premature ridge closure, poor ventilation and light transmission between plants, and reduced photosynthetic efficiency, resulting in a large number of flowers and pods falling off, and even lodging, resulting in a reduction in yield. (3) the application of agricultural fertilizer is less and the fertilization is not scientific. At present, the area of applying agricultural fertilizer to soybeans accounts for only 20% to 30%, the area of applying chemical fertilizer with planting is about 80%, and topdressing at flowering stage accounts for only about 20%. In the seedling stage of soybean, the plant may have a short "nitrogen starvation period" before the nitrogen content in the seeds is exhausted and the root nodules begin to fix nitrogen. At this time, the lack of fertilizer inhibits the growth of seedlings, which is disadvantageous to the nitrogen fixation of root nodules in the future. At the end of flowering, the amount of nitrogen fixation of soybean reached the peak, and because a large number of nitrides in soybean began to flow to seeds, rhizobium lacked the supply of carbohydrates, and the ability of nitrogen fixation began to weaken. At this time, the lack of fertilizer had a great impact on the yield. (4) pest control is not timely. Soybean aphids and red spiders occur more seriously in most years, and some of them do not control at all because of untimely control. When the damaged plants are serious, they will cause stems and leaves to curl up, physiological functions are destroyed, root strips develop poorly, and plant development is stagnant. The number of branches and pods decreased significantly, and the annual yield reduction was about 10%. Soybean heart borer is the main pest that affects the yield and quality of soybean. in the later stage of growth, heart borer larvae eat beans, resulting in insects eating beans, with an annual control area of only 50% to 60%. (5) the degree of large-scale production is poor. High-quality transmission varieties are not planted according to regional division, and can not form large-scale production. High-protein, high-fat varieties and general varieties mixed, mixed harvest, mixed storage, mixed marketing, poor quality of commercial beans, high impurities.

3. Development countermeasures. The main results are as follows: (1) the improved varieties with high yield and high quality should be selected to give full play to their role in increasing production. Excellent varieties are the main reason for increasing production. According to the results of introduction experiment and demonstration by agricultural technology extension department, Liaodou 15, Liaodou 16, Tiefeng 35 and Tiedou 37 were the main varieties in Huludao area. (2) equidistant on demand to determine the reasonable density. Fine soil preparation, grasp the suitable sowing time for sowing. The best sowing time is from April 25 to May 5. The reasonable density of soybean is to coordinate the development between individuals and groups of soybean, to unify the contradiction between individual productivity and group production at the level of high yield, and to obtain the highest group productivity. Different densities are determined according to variety characteristics, soil fertility and management level. The planting form was clear seed, row spacing 50cm, hole spacing 21.0~26.4cm, and two seedlings were left in each hole. According to the results of the experiment, the optimum density of Liaodou 15, Liaodou 16 and Tiefeng 35 was 177000 plants / ha, 189000 plants / ha and 162000 plants / ha, respectively. In production, according to the principle that fertile land should be sparse and thin land should be dense, and according to the characteristics of varieties, it should be self-regulated within a certain range. (3) applying fertilizer scientifically to meet the nutrient needs of soybean. Soybean is also a crop that needs more fertilizer, and the absorption of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium continues until the mature stage. However, the nitrogen fixed by rhizobium can only meet the amount of nitrogen required by soybean during the whole growth period. Therefore, in order to obtain high yield, we must apply nitrogen fertilizer timely and appropriately, apply phosphorus and potassium fertilizer reasonably, and spray micro-fertilizer. According to the results of many years' experiments, the scientific fertilization formula is as follows: 15000 ~ 22500 kg/ ha of mature organic fertilizer is used as base fertilizer, 150~187.5kg/ ha of N, P and K is used as seed fertilizer, urea 45~75kg/ ha is applied at the early flowering stage of soybean, and ammonium molybdate 0.225kg/ ha is sprayed at the early flowering stage of soybean. (4) timely pest control. Focus on the prevention and control of soybean aphids, red spiders, heart-eating insects and other pests. Soybean aphids usually occur in June and can be controlled by 40% dimethoate EC 50g mixed with poisonous soil or spray. Soybean heart borer is the best control period in the first and middle of August. 50 "sustained-release cards" made of 80% dichlorvos EC were uniformly hung on the plant or sprayed with 25% dichlorvos EC. (5) carry out regional production and promote industrial management. Soybean plays an irreplaceable role in crop structure, and farmers have planting habits and enthusiasm. On the one hand, it is necessary to establish a reasonable rotation system of corn, soybean and so on. On the other hand, it is necessary to establish a high-quality special soybean production base and plant high-oil or high-protein varieties in a certain area to ensure the quality grade of soybean. Driven by the leader of processing enterprises, farmers plant corresponding special varieties to form a regional production base of special varieties, so as to improve the market competitiveness of soybean as a whole.