Key techniques for High-yield cultivation of Mushroom in Open Field

There are many factors affecting the yield and quality of mushroom cultivated in open field. From many years of production practice, we found that in the path of obtaining high-yield and high-quality cultivation of mushroom in open field, strain selection, composting of culture material, making of bacterial bed and sowing, field management and integrated control of diseases and insect pests were five key links. Now our research on the key technologies of these five links is summarized as follows, in order to benefit the growers.

I. strain selection

Strains obtained by tissue isolation or other means must be tested for mushroom production before they can be used on a large scale. The appearance of the strain must have thick white and uniform hyphae, no growth interruption, no miscellaneous bacterial infection, no insect pests (mainly mites). In terms of bacterial age. The real-age bacteria and aging bacteria with full bottle (bag) of mycelium within 1 month should be selected as yellow liquid accumulation and aerial mycelium, while in production, the germination ability is poor, the food is slow, the mycelium is weak, the yield of mushroom is low and there are many high-legged mushrooms and easy-to-open umbrella mushrooms. Therefore, the selection of bacteria is treated cautiously in production.

2. Stack system of culture materials

The stacking of culture materials is the most important link in all links. It involves two aspects, one is the quality and reasonable formula of raw materials, and the other is the use of fermentation technology to make the culture material fully decomposed by actinomycetes.

1. Quality and reasonable formula of raw materials

The raw materials used to cultivate mushrooms must be fresh, dry and mildew-free. The preparation of square towels in the culture material should be carried out according to the carbon-nitrogen ratio needed for the growth of mushrooms (usually 2832 / 32 / 1). Neither too low C / N ratio (too much nitrogen will make the culture material easy to pollute or ammonia overweight to inhibit mycelium growth), nor too high carbon atmosphere ratio (too low nitrogen will make the culture material lack of nutrition). The C / N ratio of the culture material can be roughly calculated according to the total carbon and nitrogen content of all raw materials. The formula of culture material should be flexibly mastered according to the situation of raw materials in this area and the requirement of reasonable C / N ratio. The suitable amount of material for cultivation is 30kg per square meter.

2. Stacking of culture materials

Under the premise of the correct formula, the principle of culture material stacking is to create conditions as far as possible to make the culture material in the state of aerobic fermentation, in order to achieve the purpose of stacking high quality culture material.

(1) build a reactor

The stacking place of the culture material should choose the place with high terrain and good drainage. Prepare about 300 12cm x 24cm bricks and 1x 2cm pointed sticks about 3cm by 4cm before stacking.

Take the dung straw culture material as an example, before stacking, pre-wet the wheat straw with 1%-2% lime water for two days, and then mix it with straw and other culture materials after it is fully absorbed. In addition, livestock manure is exposed to the sun, soaked and smashed with water, and then set aside. When building a pile, sprinkle lime powder on the ground of the yard and build two rows of floor hole bricks (the two bricks are placed vertically along the pile and covered with two bricks). The distance between the two rows of hole bricks is 4550cm to facilitate ventilation. First spread 40 cm thick, 1.5 to 1.8 cm wide forage, unlimited length, add water, sprinkle with rice bran, oil, gypsum, wet dung and so on. Stack the second, third and fifth layers in the same way. The last layer is made of fodder and shaped into the back of a tortoise. Make a neat vertical section around the pile. On the one hand, it can make the material stack fermentation up and down evenly, on the other hand, it can prevent Rain Water from draining into the lower part of the material pile, resulting in uneven humidity and multiplication of miscellaneous bacteria. After a section of material is piled up, use a pointed stick to open the air hole with a distance of 30cm to 40cm. After the whole pile is finished, insert the thermometer and prepare the film for heat preservation and shelter from rain. It should be noted that before covering the film, there should be some branches on the top of the stack, the gap between the material and the film is about 5 cm, and the edge of the film hangs 30 cm and 40 cm. In this way, the top of the stack can be fully ventilated.

According to our latest experiments, it is proved that when part of the material is controlled during stacking, when the material is finished and the vent is inserted, boiling water of more than 80 ℃ is added along the hole, the conditional steam can be directly passed through the person, and the material temperature can be increased rapidly, and the material temperature can rise to about 62 ℃ after 48 hours. The reason is that boiling water or steam increases the initial temperature of the reactor and greatly activates the reproduction of actinomycetes. This method can not only shorten the stacking time by about 3 days, but also significantly improve the stacking quality, and increase production by more than 10%.

The composting simulation of synthetic culture material is basically the same as that of dung grass culture material. The calcium superphosphate in both kinds of culture materials must be added when turning the second pile. Otherwise, calcium superphosphate will react with lime to form a solid high calcium substance which is difficult to absorb by mushroom hyphae, which greatly reduces the fertilizer efficiency.

(2) turn over the pile

The only criterion for deciding whether or not to turn the heap is time. When the temperature record shows that the material temperature reaches 62 ℃, turn over the first stack. Also build two rows of floor hole bricks on the ground, first rake the material with a pile appearance of about 20 centimeters, then shake the pile loose and mix it, turn it to the ground and pile it 40-50 centimeters thick, and turn the side material under the rake evenly in the middle of it. Later, mix the other materials well and shake loose, turn over the pile, and insert the vent. Turn the pile for 3 or 4 times, and add calcium superphosphate in the second time. When the material is evenly covered with white actinomycetes hyphae and the material is brown, the material is qualified.

Generally speaking, the stacking time of dung-grass culture material is 22 Mel 25 days, and that of synthetic culture material is 15 Mel 18 days. In the process of stacking, the material temperature should be checked at least twice a day, and the material pile should not be drenched into Rain Water. After each turn, the top should be stacked with a branch frame and covered with plastic film to keep a distance of about 5 cm between the material top and the film. At the same time, the water content of the material should be checked in the process of turning the pile, and the method is to pinch the material by hand. if there is a drop of water, the material is overheated and needs to be cool and sunny before building the pile. If there are only water marks, the moisture is appropriate. As mushroom materials in the field also absorb soil moisture, so the culture material should not be wet, the maximum temperature is to squeeze the material tightly with hands, and there are water marks between the fingers.

Third, the manufacture of bacterial bed and sowing of materials

In the production of bacterial bed, we changed the traditional flat surface to one-compartment double-trench method, which increased the yield per mu by about 5%. This way is to first make a compartment with a width of 1.2 meters and a height of 16.5 centimeters, and the groove between the compartments is 50 centimeters wide. Then make two material grooves with parallel equal width, flat bottom and depth of 16.5 cm on the side of the box, so that the whole surface of the box is in the shape of "w". The ridge between the two grooves is 10 cm wide. Finally, at the bottom of the trough, lay 3mi 5cm thick fresh dried straw disinfected and insecticidal and set aside. It should be noted that in the process of making the bacterial bed, we must grasp a principle, that is, the bottom of the box groove must be slightly lower than the bottom of the trough, and the drainage is smooth. The reason for increasing the yield of mushrooms by the method of one box and two grooves is that it increases the contact surface between the mycelium and the soil.

Two days before the culture material was dismantled, the stack surface was treated with disinfectants and insecticides. After removing the pile, spread the culture material in the trough with a thickness of 16.5cm. When the temperature of the material drops to about 25 ℃, spread seeds evenly on the material surface or sow every 10cm (this time the amount of seed used accounts for 2x3 of the total seed consumption). Then spread the culture material 3.3 cm thick and sow the remaining bacteria on the compartment. Finally, spread 3Mel 5cm thick fresh dried straw after disinfection and insecticidal, drip water with dry absorption plastic film, cover with plastic film to insulate and moisturize bacteria.

IV. Field management

The field management of mushrooms is a process in which mycelia decompose culture journals, accumulate nutrients and produce mushrooms through the regulation of temperature and humidity. After sowing, the film should be opened and breathed when the temperature is high, so as to promote the growth of mycelium on the one hand and remove excess water in small space on the other hand. When the mycelium seals the noodles, remove the straw and cover it immediately. Loosen and break the soil in the box ditch (less than 3 cm in diameter), adjust the humidity, sprinkle with lime, and mix the descendants on the side of the box. Then support the arch frame on the toilet, cover it with a thick grass curtain, cover the plastic film above the grass, and the edge of the film droops to the position of the grass curtain 2max 3. In this way, it is not only rain-proof, but also heat and moisturizing, and the air permeability of the whole compartment is good, which is conducive to the cultivation of bacteria and mushroom. In this process, we should pay attention to soil and replenish water.

When a small amount of hyphae protrudes above, the plastic film should be removed for mushroom production management. In the process of mushroom production, attention should be paid to wet mushroom production and bacteria culture. It is forbidden to spray mushrooms with cold water when spraying mushroom water. Water spray should be moisturized with water equivalent to the upper temperature in the morning and evening on cloudy or sunny days. After each mushroom is harvested. The bacteria should be kept warm. After picking mushrooms, 0.2% urea and 1% 2% potassium dihydrogen phosphate are sprayed on the soil to increase the stamina of mushroom production and increase the yield.

V. Integrated control of diseases and insect pests

Pest control is an important part of mushroom production. It is necessary to integrate people into every link of mushroom production before shin can achieve its purpose. If there is a problem in the middle, it may lead to the failure of the whole production. For example, if contaminated or bacteria with insect pests, especially mites, are used, the entire culture material will be scrapped. Therefore, bacteria with pollution or insect pests should be firmly discarded. The bacteria should be stored in a clean, insect-free environment. When planting mushrooms, on the one hand, try to use water dryness as the field, on the other hand, use insecticides and fungicides before use. 2 days before the cultivation of Zhejiang pile, put aluminum phosphide on the stack table and kill insects strictly with plastic film for 24 hours. The straw used for bottom cover and box cover should be fumigated and sterilized with formaldehyde and aluminum phosphide film and used after exposure to the sun. If insect pests occur in the process of mycelium growth or mushroom emergence, one piece of aluminum phosphide can be placed per square meter and the film is covered with insecticidal.