Preparation of mushroom covering material

At present, peat with high moisture content, good water holding capacity and large porosity is used as covering material for mushroom production in factories abroad. There are five kinds of covering materials used in China, namely coarse soil, mixed soil, river mud chaff soil, fine mud chaff soil and fermented soil. Fine mud chaff soil and fermented soil are two kinds of covering materials which are simple to make and have good covering effect according to the cultivation mode of mushroom and rural conditions in China. These two cover materials have higher saturated water content, better water holding capacity and higher porosity, and contain appropriate organic matter, so they are the most ideal man-made cover materials at present. The two methods of making soil are described as follows.

1. zymosol

Fermented soil is to add a certain amount of dry cattle (pig) manure and other organic matter and other substances into the soil, under a certain temperature condition, through anaerobic fermentation, so that the physical properties of the soil and some substance content changes, so that it becomes a kind of covering material with good soil covering characteristics. Fermented soil contains proper amount of organic matter, has larger saturated water content and larger porosity, and has better water holding capacity. It is simple and labor-saving to prepare, and can increase the yield of mushrooms by 10%~15%. There are three ways to make it.

(1) Under natural conditions, soil fermentation is required to be carried out in July to August. Take about 15 square meters of land (111 square meters of mushroom can be cultivated) in the field after wheat or rape or near the water source, and dig 25~30 cm of soil deeply. Crush and knock the excavated soil to make it free of mud, then add 125 - 150kg of crushed dry cow dung, 200kg of wheat husk or chaff, 10kg of lime and 20kg of calcium superphosphate, mix well, then irrigate water, the water surface is about 5cm higher than the fermented soil, cover a layer of plastic film to increase temperature and keep warm, and bubbles can be seen after 2 - 3 days.

(2) The function of tamping soil is to make the fermentation soil fully and evenly fermented. When tamping soil, it is required to turn the soil above to the bottom, turn the soil below to the top, mix the upper and lower soil evenly, crush the caked mud, and do not drain the water when tamping soil. The first tamping is usually carried out on the 7th day after fermentation, and the second tamping is carried out after 7 days. Measure the pH value of the muddy water in the fermentation tank before the second tamping. If the pH value is less than 8, add some lime and adjust the pH value to 8. If there is a lot of foaming during fermentation, it can be tamped twice. The whole fermentation phase usually takes about 30 days. If the soil is sandy, the fermentation time can be increased by 3 to 5 days. The water level during fermentation is always 5 cm above the fermentation soil surface.

(3) After the soil is fermented, you can put water on the field, and when there are cracks on the surface of the fermented soil and people can walk on it, you can dig. After the fermented soil is taken out, it will be broken when it is half-dry and half-wet. The diameter of the broken soil particles shall not be greater than 1 cm. Crushed after drying, not dried can not be piled ridge storage, to prevent the breeding of miscellaneous bacteria.

2. fine clay

Fine mud chaff soil is a mixture of fine mud and chaff in a certain proportion to change the physical properties of soil, so that it not only has a higher saturated water content, but also has a larger porosity and water holding capacity. With this kind of material covering soil, hypha climbs soil quickly, hypha storage quantity in soil layer is large, fruiting is early, tide turns quickly, and has obvious yield increasing effect. Fine mud chaff soil easy to borrow, easy to make. Its production method focuses on the following two points.

(1) Preparation of fine mud 8~10 days before covering soil, dig clean vegetable garden soil without grass roots and sundries 30 cm below the surface, smash it, and sift it through a sieve of 27 meshes per 10 cm. Sieved mud is called fine mud, and unsieved mud is called soybean soil (later used for soil supplementation). Fine mud and soybean soil should be dried.

(2) The mixture of fine mud and chaff to prevent the breeding of miscellaneous bacteria and brown rot bacteria in the soil, 5 to 6 days before the soil is covered, the fine mud is sterilized, and formaldehyde disinfection method can be generally adopted. The chaff should be fresh and mildew-free. A few days before covering the soil, it should be exposed to sunlight for 2 days and then soaked in lime water with pH value of 10 for 24 hours. 2 days before covering soil, chaff should also be treated with insecticide. 0.5% dichlorvos solution can be sprayed evenly on chaff, mixed evenly, covered with thin film for fumigation for 12 hours, and then removed to promote dichlorvos volatilization. 1 day before covering soil, fully mix chaff and fine mud according to the weight ratio of 1:24, then mix lime powder with 1 - 2% of the weight of fine mud, mix the covering soil half dry and half wet, and cover the mushroom bed on the second day. Each 111 square meters mushroom cultivation area needs about 3000 kg of fine mud, 125 kg of dry chaff and 50 kg of lime.