Carnation

English name: Dianthuscaryophyllus

Carnation, also known as carnation, is an evergreen perennial herb of the family Caryophyllaceae. Cut flowers are often planted for one or two years. It is the most popular cut flower in the world, second only to chrysanthemum, accounting for about 17% of the total cut flower production. In all indoor cut flower production, carnation has the highest output per unit area, which can be mechanized and automated for large-scale production. Therefore, the price of carnation is relatively low. Carnation is widely used, with good quality, beautiful fragrance and long preservation time, so it is the most basic flower material in flower decoration. Ecological habits and florescence regulation: Carnation is native to southern Europe, the Mediterranean coast to India, so it is suitable for dry and sunny environments. The suitable temperature for growth is about 20 ℃ in daytime and 10 ℃ ~ 15 ℃ at night. There are some differences in temperature requirements among different varieties, such as yellow varieties, the suitable temperature for growth is 20 ℃ ~ 25 ℃, and the suitable temperature for flowering is 10 ℃ ~ 20 ℃, while the red varieties require higher temperature, lower than 25 ℃, the growth is slow, or even can not blossom. The ideal cultivation area is cool in summer, low humidity and warm in winter. The normal florescence of carnation is from May to October. Winter flower supply, mainly using greenhouses and plastic greenhouses, keep the temperature of the protected ground about 20 ℃ in the daytime and not less than 10 ℃ at night.

Varieties: the varieties used in production and cultivation are classified according to flower color. (1) the plant height of yellow line is 70 cm ~ 80 cm. Such as Golden Rhonda: yellow, mixed with crimson spots, calyx easy to break; Horizon: yellow red spots, productive and practical; Polaris: light yellow, strong disease resistance, high yield; Millerzlo: yellow, prolific. (2) the red line plant is about 50 cm high, the Internode is short, the stem is hard, and likes higher temperature. Such as Peter Fisha: pink, high yield, early flowers; William Sim: bright red, large flowers, disease resistance, early flowers, rapid renewal, easy to break calyx; giant crimson: dark red, disease resistance, easy to break. (3) White, such as Beiguo: White, fragrant, disease-resistant, high-yielding; White Peter: White, widely used in cultivation. Others, such as Noumenon: red or orange, with large red spots, disease resistance, high yield, broken calyx.

Propagation and cultivation: cutting is the main method in the propagation of carnation cut flowers. In order to obtain virus-free seedlings, tissue culture is also often used. The main results are as follows: (1) the cutting time can be carried out except in summer, but it is suitable from January to March in production, especially from late January to early February, with high survival rate and strong growth. It is better for cuttings with strong lateral buds growing in the middle of the plant (that is, the third to fourth lateral buds), when the diameter of the apical bud is 1 cm. When picking buds, you should use the method of breaking buds, that is, pulling down the shoots in hand, so that there are node marks at the base of the buds, so that it is easier to survive. Cuttings should be cut immediately after harvest, or wet the cuttings with water before cutting. Cutting spacing 1.5cm ~ 2cm, spray water immediately after cutting, cover shade, keep 10 ℃ ~ 13 ℃ at room temperature, and take root in about 20 days. The mother plant can be sprouted once every half a month. The disease-free plant should be strictly selected as the mother plant. If possible, set up a female parent cultivation room and use absolutely disease-free cuttings. (2) tissue culture carnation is one of the early successful flowers in tissue culture, and it has been widely used in production.

Cutting and preservation of cut flowers: carnation is easy to blossom after picking and cutting, and is generally cut at bud stage or semi-open stage. Usually, the suitable period for cut flowers is 50% to 60% in low temperature period and 40% in high temperature period. When harvesting and cutting, the large flower carnation should be cut when it grows 3 cm from the calyx, slightly earlier in summer; the main inflorescence of the small flower carnation blossoms, and the buds on the two lateral inflorescences are either cut or cut when the petals are exposed. When picking and cutting for the first time, in order to ensure that it will blossom one after another, it should be cut in a slightly higher position to send lateral branches. After cutting the flowers, tie them into a bunch of 20 branches, pack them and put them on the market. The most suitable storage temperature of carnation is 0 ℃, and the vase life of cut flowers is the longest when stored at this low temperature. However, when the storage time at low temperature was extended by 1 week, the vase life of flowers decreased by 1 day. Therefore, even if stored in a standard freezer, it should not exceed 4 weeks. In order to ensure the quality of cut flowers, it is best to pick and cut them at bud stage and store them at 0 ℃ low temperature. By promoting flower treatment, the buds can bloom quickly so that they can be sold in time. Carnation cut flowers are highly sensitive to ethylene and are usually treated with antistaling agents containing inhibition of ethylene production, which has an obvious effect on prolonging the vase life of carnation. It is usually treated with silver thiosulfate or silver nitrate (mass fraction is 100 × 10 ~ 6). If gibberellin (10 mg / L ~ 20 mg / L) and aminopurine (5 mg / L ~ 10 mg / L) are added on this basis, flower opening will be accelerated. The treatment of 200 mg silver nitrate, 100 g sugar and 20 mg phenylmethyladenine per liter of water can make carnation buds with a diameter of 5 mm open, and ensure the quality and vase life of cut flowers. The best environmental conditions for promoting the release of carnation buds are as follows: light 1000 [x] ~ 4000 [x], time 16 hours ~ 24 hours, temperature 22 ℃ ~ 25 ℃, air humidity 40% 70%.