Matching techniques for high yield of improved varieties and methods of soybean

1. Sowing seeds at the right time

Select varieties with high potential for yield increase in this area and sow seeds at the right time. Use herbicides before sowing, and then use herbicides according to grass conditions after sowing. Sowing time, spring soybeans from the end of April to the beginning of May, sowing depth of 5 cm, sowing must pay great attention to soil moisture. The main conditions for soybean seed germination are water, temperature and oxygen.

① moisture: seed germination is first of all water absorption, so water is an important factor in germination. When the seed germinates, the water absorbed is equal to 1.21 per cent of the seed weight and 1.5 times of the seed weight, that is, it begins to germinate, and it is more appropriate to absorb up to 130 per cent of the seed weight. There is a close relationship between soil water content and soybean water absorption. When the soil water content is 20%-24%, the germination is faster, and less than 18%, it is difficult to emerge. If there is too much water, it also has a bad effect on germination.

② temperature: soil temperature is also one of the important factors affecting seed germination. The optimum temperature for seed germination is the temperature with the strongest enzyme activity. The optimum temperature for soybean germination is 25 ℃ 32 min. Too high or too low temperature will affect soybean germination.

③ oxygen: from seed germination to seedling growth, life activities are extremely active, and sufficient oxygen supply is needed to promote respiration, release energy and promote the process of substance metabolism.

2. Reasonable close planting

Reasonable close planting is one of the effective measures to increase yield in soybean cultivation. At present, the planting density of soybean is low, and the phenomenon of lack of seedlings and broken ridges is serious. The yield of soybean is mainly composed of four factors, "number of plants per unit area, number of pods per plant, number of seeds per pod and grain weight." In the actual production, these four factors influence and restrict each other. Therefore, in order to obtain high yield of soybean, there must be a reasonable population structure.

To create a reasonable population structure is to maintain a certain coordinated relationship between the number of plants per unit area and the characters of a single plant by adjusting the density. The reasonable density is affected by variety type and fertility condition. There are many types of soybean varieties, which can be divided into early maturity, middle maturity and late maturity, as well as leaf size, number of branches and luxuriance. Different types of soybean varieties should have different reasonable density. If there are many branches of soybean, the planting density of tall varieties should be on the low side; if there are few branches, the varieties of single-culm type should be closely planted. In addition, another principle is that "fertile land should be sparse and barren land should be dense". 20, 000 soybeans per mu should be planted on dry, early and barren land, and the sowing amount is about 5 kg. In high water and fertilizer land, spring sowing soybeans leave 8000000 seedlings per mu, row spacing 50cm, plant spacing 12mur15cm, seed quantity 3MUE 4kg; summer sowing soybean generally 18000-20000 plants per mu, sowing amount 6MUE 7kg, row spacing 40MUE 50cm, plant spacing 10Mul 15cm.

3. Improve fertility

The yield of soybean is closely related to soil fertility. It is necessary to promote the return of straw to the field and apply a large amount of organic fertilizer. The rhizobium of soybean can fix nitrogen, but it can not meet the nitrogen supply of soybean, still less can it replace fertilization. When applying fertilizer, attention should be paid to improving the nitrogen fixation efficiency of root nodules. According to the experiment of Shanxi Agricultural University, a large amount of fertilization on the previous crop of soybean is good for soybean, and the effect of applying nitrogen fertilizer at flowering stage is good when organic fertilizer and phosphate fertilizer are mixed as seed fertilizer. In general, 2000 kg of organic fertilizer, 50 kg of phosphate fertilizer and 10 kg of nitrogen fertilizer must be applied to produce 200kg soybean per mu. The practice shows that the combined application of nitrogen and phosphorus at seedling stage, flowering stage and pod stage can increase yield, and the effect at flowering stage is the best. Some of the fertilizers applied in the soybean field are directly absorbed and utilized by the plants, and the other part first feeds the rhizobium, and then nourishes the plant indirectly through the role of rhizobium. Because phosphorus is not only the main substance of rhizobium, but also an indispensable element of nitrogen fixation, the application of phosphorus fertilizer can promote nitrogen by phosphorus. The results showed that the nitrogen fixation intensity and nitrogen fixation amount of rhizobia were significantly higher than those of the control, the nitrogen fixation intensity increased by 20.98%, and the nitrogen fixation increased by 33.3%. The effect of mixed application of phosphate fertilizer and organic fertilizer was better, and the amount of nitrogen fixation was 73.3% higher than that of the control. On the basis of sufficient base fertilizer, using organic fertilizer and mixed phosphate fertilizer as seed fertilizer is a good method to promote nitrogen by phosphorus. It is worth noting that in the seedling stage, that is, the initial stage of rhizobium formation, excessive application of available nitrogen fertilizer not only affects the number of nodules, but also reduces its nitrogen fixation ability.

4. Rational irrigation

When planting soybeans in irrigated land, it is necessary to irrigate enough soil moisture to preserve seedlings; fully irrigate flowers and pods to increase flowers and protect pods; and control seedling water to squat seedlings properly. And prevent the flower and pod stage from lodging due to excessive Rain Water. As the agricultural proverb says, "Soybean blossoms, furrow touches shrimp." Dry flowers and wet pods, harvest eight per mu (indicates a bumper harvest). Wet flowers and dry pods, stalks without melons (indicating poor harvest). It can be seen that soybean flowering and podding-bulging seeds are very important for water requirements. 4 weeks after flowering, soybean is short of water for a week and its yield is reduced by 36%, so it is necessary to irrigate in time. Theoretically, the water consumption of soybean is different in different growth periods, and the water consumption is the highest from flowering to grain filling stage.

Soybean needs the most water in flowering and podding period, which is the critical period of soybean water demand. During this period, on the one hand, vegetative growth and reproductive growth went hand in hand, photosynthesis, respiration, material transport and transformation all reached the peak rapidly, and water demand increased greatly. At the same time, transpiration is also gradually enhanced, until it reaches the peak, water consumption is bound to increase greatly. Compared with other crops, the critical water period of soybean can last as long as two months. This is because the flowering and podding period of soybean is long, although it has entered the reproductive growth after flowering, but the vegetative growth is still going on for a long time, especially for the varieties with infinite podding habits. On the other hand, soybean blossoms for 7 days, which is the period when germ cell meiosis forms tetrad, which is most sensitive to water requirement. Drought at flowering stage will cause a large number of falling flowers; drought at pod setting will cause pod drop; drought at grain filling stage will affect grain development and produce blighted grains. Therefore, the amount and distribution of rainfall are closely related to soybean yield. The annual precipitation is 600ml / 800mm, and it is mostly concentrated in the arid and semi-arid areas in the second half of summer, so it is most suitable for soybean cultivation.

5. Advocate intercropping cultivation techniques.

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