An Pear and its cultivation techniques

An pear is one of the important varieties in Qiuzi pear system, which is mainly distributed in the northeast of Hebei Province and Yanshan Mountain area in the west of Liaoning Province. An pear is loved by people for its unique flavor, golden color, low price and strong storability, and is widely cultivated in Yanshan mountain area with strong resistance and adaptability.

1. Variety characteristics

An pear fruit is spherical or oblate, containing soluble solids 12.9% murmur16.2%, organic acid 0.9Mui 1.43%, vitamin C8.2-10.7mg/100g, sweet and sour fragrance. The pulp hardness reached 17.5kg/ square centimeters at harvest, and softened after ripening. Under ordinary cellar conditions, the above transformation process takes 5 Murray for 7 months, which is more storable than ordinary pear varieties.

2. Soil, fertilizer and water management

Soil, fertilizer and water management is closely related to the safe overwintering of young trees. In general, fertilization and irrigation should be carried out strictly in accordance with the principle of promoting and controlling before and after the growth of young trees (4-6 years old). That is, irrigation according to soil moisture in pear orchard before July. The application of basic fertilizer should be completed before winter irrigation in the previous year as far as possible, and the application in spring must be completed from the end of March to early April. The young tree stage of topdressing nitrogen fertilizer should be completed before May, and topdressing nitrogen fertilizer is strictly prohibited in the later growth stage. After a large number of fruit, the above methods of fertilizer and water management can be changed, that is, the number of irrigation after July and a small amount of nitrogen fertilizer can be increased. Due to the strong growth of young trees of an pear, the rows of dense planting orchards generally do not intercrop and keep clear ploughing. During the young period of sparse planting garden, you can plant spring vegetables, spring sowing and summer harvest vegetables, and absolutely not intercropping Chinese cabbage, green radish or late cabbage that need large amounts of water after autumn. Adult sparse planting gardens generally no longer grow crops.

(1) Deep turning and enlarging acupoints to improve soil fertility.

Turn over the soil deeply, turn deeply according to the projection range of the crown, master the outer depth, and avoid hurting the big root as much as possible; dig out the gravel and fill it with the weeds around the ditch, leaves, or turf soil with grass seeds mixed with topsoil; for pear trees with bare roots and growing on a gentle slope, trim the terraces along the horizontal line, heighten the Weir, and implement guest soil cover. No matter it is deeply turned over or covered with guest soil, the living soil layer should not be lower than 60--90cm. At the same time, we also experimentally applied high-energy drought-resistant and water-retaining agent (the product of China Tangshan Boya Science and Technology Industry Development Co., Ltd.), and achieved good results. The application method is as follows: ditch or pit application, before the rainy season, dig the deep pit (ditch) of 30cm in the tree plate, its size depends on the size of the tree crown, and mix the soil of 10--15cm at the bottom of the ditch with the water-retaining agent. The application amount is calculated according to the vertical projection area of the crown, which is generally 10--20g/ square meters, and the plant cost is 2 Murray 4 yuan, which is suitable for orchards without watering conditions in deep mountain areas.

(2) fertilize scientifically to keep the tree strong.

Increase the application of organic fertilizer, phosphorus and potassium fertilizer, and control the amount of nitrogen fertilizer. Application standard of organic fertilizer (base fertilizer): to produce 1kg fruit, at least apply 1kg fertilizer, such as pear orchard with 2500kg per mu, high quality circle fertilizer 2500kg per mu, corn straw, green manure and deciduous leaves can be applied to pear orchard at the same time. On the basis of applying organic fertilizer, the average amount of pure nitrogen applied per ton of pear fruit in the whole year should not exceed 4kg, and the topdressing of nitrogen fertilizer was stopped 6 weeks before fruit harvest. After July, 300-fold potassium dihydrogen phosphate can be sprayed on the leaves twice. The application amount of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium is generally appropriate according to the ratio of 1: 1 / 0. 5 / 1 / 1.

3. Shaping and pruning

Sparse layer pruning of trunk is generally used in sparse planting garden. There were 7 main branches left, which were divided into 3 layers, 3 main branches in the first layer, 2 in the second layer and 1 in the third layer. The height of the tree was controlled at 3.5m, 4 lateral branches were left on the first layer of main branches, 2 lateral branches were selected in the second layer, and no lateral branches were left in the third layer. It usually takes 5-6 years to complete the plastic surgery task. The young branches of an pear are brittle and upright, while the branches of big trees are easy to produce sagging thin and weak branches, so the young trees are mainly from the opening angle. The long branches growing obliquely are easy to form flower buds, but they should be retracted in time after fruiting. The pruning of the fruiting tree is mainly to control the height of the tree, retract the weak fruiting branches for successive years, renew and rejuvenate them, and adjust the ratio of developing branches to fruiting branches. If the tree is too high, it is necessary to be happy with the head of the central branch in the appropriate position, make the tree ventilated and transparent, open the hierarchy, adjust the density of large and medium-sized backbone branches, and make it disperse and distribute. Through pruning, the height of the tree is controlled at 3.5murmur4m, and the area of the light point under the tree accounts for more than 15% of the projected area of the crown during the growing season.

4. Artificial pollination

Because an pear blossoms early, it often blossoms early, sets less fruit, and has low yield and poor quality. After years of cultivation experiments, we selected from many treatments that Anli high-grafted Yali pear (synchronized florescence of Anan pear and Yali pear), gibberellin spraying and artificial pollination at full bloom are effective technical measures to improve yield and quality. among them, the effect of artificial pollination is the best, the fruit setting rate of flowers is 2.25 times higher than that of natural pollination, up to 58.51%, and the yield is increased by 1.95 times. And the fruit quality is obviously improved, with thin skin, fine meat, juicy and good taste.

Yali pear, Xuehua pear and an pear have strong pollination affinity, so they are ideal pollination varieties, but the pollination period should be mastered, which is the key to improve the fruit setting rate. The most suitable time for the stigma of Yinan pear to receive pollen was on the day of flowering and the second day, and then gradually weakened. Good results can only be achieved within 3 days after flowering, and the fruit setting rate dropped to 28.44% after 4-6 days of flowering. The pollination method is as follows: after screening the cracked pollen, add fine talc powder 2murmur5 parts to each portion and mix it well, put the prepared pollen into a small bottle, dip a little with a brush or paper stick, gently point on the stigma, generally point to a clump at the left and right side of the 25cm, each dip in it can teach 5 clumps of 3 music, each clump with 2 flowers, in addition, you can also shake it with a sandcloth bag, the effect is better, but the amount of powder is large. Generally, the effect of pollination is best within 3 days to 1 week after flowering.

In addition, Anli blossoms early, and late frost injury often occurs during flowering period. in our opinion, the most effective rescue method of frost is fumigation, which can effectively reduce and prevent frost injury. Fallen leaves, straw and weeds can all become smoking materials; except for the above materials, aerosol is the best material; aerosol is made of sawdust, asphalt, diesel oil and ammonium nitrate. Mix the sawdust with ammonium nitrate, then add the melted asphalt and diesel oil, slowly pour in the mixture, one pack per 5kg, pack and set aside. Light the smoke agent when the temperature drops to 0.5 ℃ in early spring, 3 packs per mu. The anti-freezing effect is better.

5. strengthen the prevention and control of diseases and pests

The growing season of an pear tree is high-temperature and rainy, and diseases and insect pests are easy to occur, and with the increase of tree age, the diseases and insect pests tend to aggravate gradually. Pear scab should be sprayed with Baumei 3-degree stone sulfur mixture at the initial stage of germination, and spray 25% carbendazim wettable powder 400 times of carbendazim after flowering rain, and then alternately spray Bordeaux solution of 2.5 times Bordeaux solution, 40% carbendazim gum suspension solution, or 1000 times of carbendazim gel suspension at 15-minute intervals for 20 days to the end of June, and spray a protective fungicide at the beginning of September. The above measures can control the diseased leaf rate and fruit rate of pear scab to less than 5%. Peach small and heart-eating insects often break out in recent years. The control method is that before the emergence of adults after pupation of overwintering larvae (mid-May and early June), 50% phoxim EC 0.8--1kg, 50 Mel water and 90 times water are sprayed evenly under the canopy (surface). During the incubation period of the first generation eggs, 20% cypermethrin was sprayed with 3,500 times of cypermethrin, and the fruit rate was reduced to less than 1%. Pear planthopper has caused serious damage in some pear orchards in recent years. According to its strong drug resistance, dressing should be changed frequently, and good control effect can be achieved by spraying cyhalothrin, cypermethrin and other pesticides before and after anthesis.