Water-saving cultivation techniques of Potato

The water-saving cultivation technology of potato furrow and ridge increases the interface between soil and air, ensures a good aerated environment for stems in the ground, aggravates the change of temperature difference between day and night, reduces surface runoff, and makes the soil more fully absorb precipitation. Through the implementation of the project "integration and demonstration of water-saving agricultural technology system in northern semi-arid rain harvesting supplementary irrigation dry farming area (Pengyang, Ningxia)-research, screening, integration and demonstration of agricultural supporting techniques for efficient use of rain harvesting", the water-saving cultivation techniques of potato were summarized. for production.

(1) Variety selection

The selection of virus-free mini-potato or Ningshu 4 first-grade original seed can increase the yield by more than 30% compared with self-retained seed potato.

(2) Land selection and preparation

Select the land that has not planted potatoes or eggplant crops (eggplant, pepper, tomato, flue-cured tobacco, etc.) for three years, the land is fertile, the soil layer is deep, and herbicides such as chlorsulfuron, cinnamon and other herbicides have never been used. wet sandy loam or sandy loam with certain irrigation conditions. Plots should be turned deep in autumn or in early spring, with depths above 25cm, breaking bumps before sowing, picking up root stubble, achieving fine soil preparation, planting around virus-free potatoes and rape, and not planting crops with yellow flowers such as non-virus-free potatoes and rape, so as to prevent the spread and spread of this virus disease and reduce production.

(3) Formula fertilization

Farm manure 1000kg, diammonium phosphate 15-20kg, urea 10kg, potassium sulfate 10kg were applied per mu. Mix all the chemical fertilizers and apply them as base fertilizer. Be careful not to come into contact with seed potatoes when applying ammonium bicarbonate. It is best to use a mixture of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium at 15:15:15 (do not use ammonium nitrate as a seed fertilizer, lest ammonium nitrate come into contact with seed potatoes and cause rotten potatoes), and topdressing 10kg/ mu of ammonium nitrate when budding to support the soil.

(4) sowing at the right time

① sowing time: when the soil temperature is more than 7 ℃, the sowing time is about the first and middle of April.

② seed potato treatment: 20 days before sowing, the virus-free miniature potato or cut seed potato was stacked in the solar greenhouse and covered with a grass curtain or black plastic film to keep the dark condition to promote budding. after sprouting, the buds were placed in a ventilated, dry place with scattered light, and the buds could be sown after the buds turned green. Be careful not to touch the top bud, otherwise the output will be reduced by 10%. Pick out unsprouted bad potatoes.

③ density: net cropping 4500-5000 plants per mu, intercropping 3500 Mu 4000 plants per mu, proper close planting can increase yield. Ridging between 90cm, ridge height 20cm, ridge width 60cm, ridge furrow 30cm, double line character planting, plant spacing 30-33cm.

④ was used to control underground pests: 2kg (3911 granules) was applied per mu and spread along the ditch.

⑤ sowing method: ditch 12-14cm on the ridge, slip in chemical fertilizers and pesticides, and then apply farm manure, it is best to cover chemical fertilizers and pesticides, add some soil if it cannot be covered, and finally sow the potato, then ridge it. After sowing, the seed potato should be 10-12cm away from the soil surface on the ridge.

(5) Field management

15 days after sowing ①, gently rake the ridge soil to remove 3-4cm, which can preserve soil moisture, raise temperature, eliminate weeds and promote early emergence. If you do not rake the soil, sowing should be shallow, about 8-10cm.

② field 80% seedling emergence for the first time ploughing and soil cultivation, all the seedlings are buried during operation, which can increase stolons, thicken underground stems, and prevent overgrowth of aboveground plants.

When the height of ③ seedling is 15-20cm, the soil should be cultivated for the first time to thicken and widen the ridge. when irrigated under irrigation conditions, the ridge should not be wet and watered to half the height of the ridge to ensure that it should be watered once in the budding and flowering period.

(6) strict control of diseases and insect pests

According to the occurrence characteristics and harm of potato diseases and insect pests, and on the basis of practical investigation and careful summary, it is put forward that the potato varieties with high yield, virus-free and disease resistance should be popularized and applied mainly, and good seed potato should be cut in the areas where there are no conditions to popularize virus-free potato. Cooperate with the corresponding agricultural control technical measures, and then apply chemical control to control the occurrence of diseases and insect pests and increase the yield of potato.

① strengthens plant quarantine: some diseases of potato mainly spread with seed potato, so it is necessary to prevent serial replacement of seed potato and strictly control the cultivation of seed potato with disease.

② whole potato sowing: if the potato ring rot occurs in the area, cut potato sowing, and the knife does not have any disinfection measures, it will cause the spread and slow delay of the disease.

③ tidy countryside: after the previous harvest, ploughing deeply should be done to reduce the number of pathogens overwintering in the soil, ploughing again before sowing next year, and then carefully preparing the soil, breaking the soil, removing plant residues, weeds, seedlings, etc., so as to reduce the source of infection and reduce the occurrence of diseases and insect pests.

④ rational fertilization: 1000-1500kg per mu of farm manure and 25kg as base fertilizer, combined with mid-tillage and weeding at budding stage, and topdressing nitrogen and potassium fertilizer according to soil fertility to enhance plant growth and improve plant resistance to diseases and insect pests.

⑤ improved farming system: rotation of stubble on seriously diseased plots and soil treatment with quicklime to reduce the source of infection, which will significantly reduce the occurrence of diseases and insect pests after an interval of 3 years.

Chemical control of ⑥: according to the characteristics of main potato diseases, chemical control of aphids and late blight should be done well.

Aphids are the main transmission vector of potato virus disease. from seedling stage to budding stage, aphids can be sprayed with 2500 times of aphids or 2500 times of aphids to control the harm of aphids and reduce the occurrence of virus diseases. For the areas with serious occurrence of potato late blight, chemical control should be carried out as soon as possible to control the disease center. It should be sprayed once at the budding stage and controlled again every 10-15 days. 58% metalaxyl zinc 400 times, 72% downy mildew 800 times or 72% DuPont Krow 600 times can be used to achieve better control effect.

(7) harvesting and selling

15 days before harvest, ① thoroughly removed the virus diseased strains (leaf shrinkage, leaf curling, mosaic, etc.) and their potato pieces, checked and accepted, and then killed the seedlings. There are two ways: spray herbicides, such as 20 grams without a trace, use 200ml, 40-50kg with water, spray evenly, and manually cut seedlings.

② is expected to harvest from September 15 to 20. When harvesting, the tuber must be cool and sunny for half a day to make the epidermis aging, easy to transport and not scratch the epidermis.

③ picks up diseased potatoes, damaged potatoes and miscellaneous potatoes, and sends more than 50g of qualified potatoes to the designated place for metering and sale.