Control of mushroom diseases and insect pests

With the further development of mushroom industry, it is very necessary to standardize the control of mushroom diseases and insect pests. The following suggestions are made on the prevention and control of mushroom diseases and insect pests:

1. The principles of giving priority to prevention, comprehensive control and scientific use of chemicals should be established in the prevention and control of mushroom diseases and insect pests. Specifically, the following should be done:

1. Do a good job in the environmental hygiene of the mushroom house and its surroundings. The environmental hygiene of mushroom house is very important to the occurrence of diseases and insect pests. Must achieve: ① mushroom room and around the clean, sanitary, sterilization should be thorough. Chicken sheds and pig sheds should be kept away from mushroom houses. ② after the end of spring mushrooms, the waste from the mushroom bed should be removed in time, and must not be piled up near the mushroom house or mushroom house. The ③ old mushroom house should remove the bamboo frame and soak it in 5% lime water for 10 days, then expose it to the sun. ④ mushroom room was first washed with water, then fumigated with dichlorvos 1kg/111 ┫ plus 40% formaldehyde 2-4kg/111 ┫ for 48 hours.

2. The mushroom room should be equipped with sand doors and sand windows to effectively prevent flies and mosquitoes carrying mites, eggs and bacteria spores from flying into the mushroom room. This method is simple and effective and should not be taken lightly.

3. The post-fermentation of culture materials should be done strictly in order to kill or reduce the occurrence of bacteria and insect pests. The culture material of outdoor fermentation was quickly put on the shelf while it was hot. Except the bottom layer, it was heaped gradually according to the thickness of the top and bottom, and the coal or firewood used in the home-made stove was rapidly heated, so that the temperature of the culture material reached 58 ℃, maintained 6 ℃ for 8 hours, and then decreased to 48 ℃, 52 min, and 4 ℃ for 7 days. This step must be done conscientiously, otherwise we will get half the result with twice the effort in the later stage.

4. Do a good job of soil covering. At present, it has been found that many bacteria spores, larvae and eggs are introduced from the soil, so it is best for the soil to be exposed in the hot summer cement for 3 days, add 40% formaldehyde solution 7.5-10kg/111 ┫, add dichlorvos 1-2kg/111 ┫ (about 6000F7000jin mud), airtight fumigation for 48 hours, scatter the smell and set aside.

5. There should be a special water tank outside the mushroom room for spraying water and medication. The tank water must be clean tap water. Do not use waste water or dirty water, let alone miscellaneous waste water accumulated by digging holes.

6, timely cultivation, do not blindly catch up with the early. Out-of-season cultivation should have good heat preservation and moisturizing conditions, early cultivation is easy to encounter high temperature weather, and high temperature and high humidity is easy to promote the harm of diseases and insect pests, serious or even no harvest. The suitable sowing season in Hangzhou Fuyang is in the first and middle of September, the soil cover is in the first ten days of October, and the harvest time is in the last ten days of October.

7. The use of pesticides must be scientific and reasonable. ① does not use fungicides blindly, especially in the harvest period to avoid affecting the growth of mushrooms. ② should identify the object of prevention and control, emphasizing science rather than experience. ③ pays attention to practical results, similar pesticides are not repeatedly overused, and new drugs are not used blindly. ④ strictly forbids pesticides with high toxicity and residues, and vigorously promotes high-efficiency, low-residue and pollution-free pesticides.

2. Two major pest control measures

1. Mites (commonly known as fungus lice) mites are very small and difficult to see with the naked eye, there are mainly two kinds of acaroid mites: acaroid mites and acaroid mites, which are light brown in body color, easy to gather or pile up, and the harm of acaroid mites that crawl slowly is more serious, while the acaroid mites that crawl faster do less harm. For mite damage, there is no need to talk about mite color change, the key is to control the number of occurrence.

In addition to dichlorvos fumigation, 1000 times Uranus liquid spray was used to disinfect the bed frame and mushroom room again when ① empty mushroom room was disinfected. ② was fumigated with dichlorvos 1-1.5kg/111 ┫ at the end of post-fermentation. ③ is sprayed with 2000 times Uranus solution before leveling the material surface. ④ can add dichlorvos to the covered soil and Uranus lkg/111 ┫ solution to kill insects. If there are still mites after the ⑤ mushroom bed is covered with soil, it will be fumigated with aluminum phosphide. 3 tablets of aluminum phosphide will be used per cubic meter of space, that is, (10mg/m3), which will increase or decrease depending on the degree of damage and the tightness of the mushroom room. The application of aluminum phosphide must pay great attention to the safety of people and animals, and it is best to ask the full-time staff of the grain depot to ensure safety. In addition, sweet and sour can also be used to trap and kill enemy dichlorvos or Uranus. If ⑥ discovers Brent mite (listed as quarantine object in Zhejiang Province), it should report to the city plant inspection station in time and take corresponding measures to put an end to infection.

2. Brown rot (commonly known as Pleurotus ostreatus) it is caused by verrucosporium introduced through the soil and triggered under the condition of high temperature and high humidity. the infected fruiting body rapidly grows into a taro-like deformed mushroom, and emits a rotten smell, which is seriously harmful in recent years. ① thoroughly removes the waste and away from the mushroom room, rinses with water and disinfects thoroughly. The detachable bamboo frame was soaked in 5% lime for 10 days, then exposed to the sun, and the mushroom house was fumigated with 40% formaldehyde 2-4kg/111 ┫ for 48 hours. According to our experiments with 6 commonly used fungicides, the control effect of formaldehyde on brown rot is the best.) ② takes fresh soil. Brown rot is a soil-borne disease, so we must cover the soil well. Soil should be taken from fields where mushroom scraps have not been applied. When ③ is covered with soil, use 40% formaldehyde 7.5-10kg/111 ┫, mix well and seal for 48 hours. Note that crushed soil is easier to be permeated by formaldehyde than coarse and fine soil to improve the control effect (which has been confirmed by experiments). ④ if you find taro mushrooms growing on the mushroom bed, do not apply fungicides blindly. The correct treatment is: a, first stop spraying water, strengthen ventilation, reduce humidity, slow down the spread rate. B, remove the mycelium of diseased mushroom and destroy it in time, then disinfect it slightly with carbendazim powder or lime powder. C, local occurrence is sprayed with 200ppm stable chlorine dioxide or 1 100 Bordeaux solution or asparagus green 500x solution and so on. D. When there is serious damage in a large area, the overlying soil layer should be considered.

Third, vigorously promote pollution-free mushroom production technology. While we effectively control mushroom diseases and insect pests, we should also attach great importance to mushroom pesticide pollution. While strengthening publicity, we should completely ban the use and use of pesticides with high toxicity and high residues, and adopt administrative punishment measures to mobilize the departments of agriculture, technical supervision, industry and commerce, health and epidemic prevention to make concerted efforts to carry out the detection of agricultural residues of mushrooms, and to strengthen training, standardize cultivation and carry out standardized production to ensure the improvement of quality and brand. Scientific and rational application of pesticides, non-overlapping and excessive use of similar pesticides, forbidden: highly toxic and residual pesticides such as carbofuran, methamidophos and omethoate, as well as "bleach" used in chemical papermaking, promote the use of pollution-free pesticides such as Uranus, pyrethroid, dichlorvos, and biological pesticides.