Mushroom diseases and their control techniques

1. Fungal diseases

1. Brown rot. Also known as white rot disease, vesicular disease. The spores are brought into the mushroom house through soil cover and are transmitted by air and pests. When the mushroom room is not ventilated, the disease is serious in case of high temperature and humidity. A large number of white mycelium were formed on the mushroom bed. After infection, the fruiting body stalk swelled into a bubble, and in severe cases, it formed deformed mushroom, turned brown, or formed a white flocculent bacterial ball with no distinction between the fungal cap and stipe. Prevention and treatment methods: mainly disinfect the covered soil. Put the covered soil in the empty house and fumigate in the proportion of 5 ml formaldehyde and 3 grams of potassium permanganate for 24 hours before it can be used. If diseased mushrooms are found on the mushroom bed, you should immediately stop spraying water, ventilate and cool down to less than 15 ℃, and the humidity should not exceed 85%. Spray 1% Mel 2% formaldehyde solution in the ward. The seriously ill mushroom bed should replace the covered soil, burn the diseased mushrooms, and disinfect the tools with 4% formaldehyde solution.

2. Soft rot. It is caused by a bubble toxin infection. Most of the spores of the pathogen are transmitted by air flow and splashed water droplets, and the disease is easy to occur due to over-moisture and low temperature and high humidity. When the disease occurs, if it is not treated in time, the germs will spread rapidly and become water-red. After the fruiting body is infected, it gradually turns brown until it decays. Prevention and treatment methods: reduce bed water spraying, strengthen ventilation, reduce soil surface and air humidity, spread lime or spray 4% formaldehyde solution on the affected area, and also spray carbendazim or topzine or Kuiyangling 500 times liquid.

3. Brown spot. Also known as dry bubble disease, trichoderma, caused by verticillium. Bacterial spores often stick in piles, mainly through splashed water droplets and mushroom flies, mites, hands, tools and so on. The disease often occurs in the later stage of cultivation, after the disease, there are many irregular needle-shaped brown spots on the cover, and then the spots gradually expand and produce depressions, which are gray-white. The diseased mushroom is often dry and cracked, the cap is askew, and the stalk is peeled. But the mushroom body does not rot, there is no special smell. Prevention and control methods: strictly prevent mushroom flies from entering the mushroom room; all tools are disinfected with 4% formaldehyde solution; the affected areas are sprayed with 500 times carbendazim.

II. Bacterial diseases

1. Spot disease. It is caused by Pseudomonas Tolan. This pathogen is widely distributed in nature and is spread by pests and operators. it is easy to occur under high temperature and humidity, and occurs more seriously in summer and autumn. In the early stage of the disease, a yellowish-brown discoloration area appeared in one or two places of the bacterial cap, and then turned into dark brown sunken spots. The key to the prevention and control of the disease is to control the relative humidity of the air, especially in the later stage of mushroom growth, the humidity of the mushroom room should not exceed 85%, so as to avoid stagnant water on the surface of the mushroom cover and excessive wetness of the soil surface. Reduce temperature fluctuations, preferably less than 17 ℃. After the onset of the disease, it was sprayed with 600 times liquid bleach.

2. Dry rot. Also known as xerosis, is also caused by a kind of pseudomonas. The mushroom in the disease area is deformed, pale brown, the cap is askew, the base of the stalk is enlarged, and gradually shrinks and dries up, losing edible value. Prevention and treatment: mainly isolation to prevent the connection of mycelium between the disease area and the disease-free area. When planted in boxes, if the hyphae are not connected between the boxes, dry rot will not spread, and the spread can also be prevented by separating every other section of the mushroom bed with plastic film.

III. Physiological diseases

1. Open the umbrella hard. When mushrooms encounter abnormal climate, the phenomenon of young fruit bodies opening umbrellas early is called hard opening umbrellas. It usually occurs when the temperature difference is less than 18 ℃, the temperature difference is about 10 ℃, or when the temperature drops abruptly. The prevention and control method: do a good job of heat preservation before the sudden change of air temperature, and increase the air relative humidity in the mushroom room.

2. Deformed mushroom. The reason for the formation is that the thickness of the covered soil is different, the mushroom position is low, the content of carbon dioxide in the mushroom room is more than 0.3%, and drug damage and diseases and insect pests are caused. Control methods: pay attention to the quality of soil cover and ventilation, prevent harmful gases from entering the mushroom room, and pay attention to the prevention and control of diseases and insect pests.

3. Thin-skinned mushroom. The whole stage of mushroom emergence can occur. It is mainly caused by too high and low temperature in the mushroom room, or excessive ventilation on the bed surface. Prevention and control methods: strengthen ventilation when high temperature, low temperature or strong wind, mushroom room to keep warm and moisturizing.

IV. Viral diseases

Viral diseases are spread by diseased spores and hyphae. After the mycelium was infected with the virus, it could not form a fruiting body; after the buds were infected with the virus, the fruiting body developed malformed, or the stalk was very long, the umbrella opened very early, or the lid of the stalk was very small, or the lower part of the stalk was sharpened, or the central part of the stalk expanded into a bucket or jar, resulting in the mushroom body withered into sponge. A large mushroom-free area often appears on the mushroom bed where the virus is seriously infected. Prevention and treatment methods: after the discovery of virus disease, mushrooms must be collected before opening the umbrella to prevent the spread of spores emitted by diseased mushrooms; fumigate all the beds with low-dose bromine; boil and disinfect all the utensils. If the disease and spread are serious, the disease can be put an end to by changing the cultivated species according to the highly specific characteristics of parasitic infection of the virus.