Successful cultivation of Agaricus bisporus

Double spore mushroom, also known as white mushroom, foreign mushroom, people usually call it mushroom. It is the most cultivated and most productive edible fungus in the world. The nutritional value is high and the market is good (especially after China's entry into WTO, the export volume has doubled). The main raw materials for its production are rice straw, corn stalk (core) and livestock manure, with high yield and remarkable economic benefits. Therefore, it has developed rapidly in China in recent years, from the traditional main planting areas such as Fujian and Zhejiang in the south to Hebei, Shandong, Anhui, Hunan, Hubei, Jiangsu and other places. The rise of this industry has indeed made many farmers in poor areas get rid of poverty and become rich. However, in the actual production, there are many mushroom farmers blindly launched, due to little mastery of technology, resulting in common losses. Not only does it not make the rich, but it makes the debt go up. For those who want to get rich by cultivating Pleurotus ostreatus, the blow is heavy. According to the majority of edible mushroom enthusiasts and we pass many actual investigations. If you want to succeed in cultivating Pleurotus ostreatus, you must master the following techniques.

First, the choice of season. Proper temperature is an important factor for the growth and development of mushrooms. Agaricus bisporus is a medium-low temperature fungus, the mycelium growth temperature is 5℃ 33 ℃, the mycelium is easy to die over 35 ℃, the growth temperature of mushroom and mushroom body must be 23 ℃, even the growing mushroom body is easy to rot and die if it is more than 24 ℃. According to this characteristic, the cultivation time should be arranged reasonably according to the local natural temperature. So that the temperature of the treated material should not exceed 34 ℃ after sowing, and the external temperature should be kept below 23 ℃ when the mushroom is produced. Otherwise, no matter how well the raw materials are treated, the strains are difficult to colonize and grow, and the mushroom buds cannot be formed even at high temperature during the mushroom emergence period. Generally take the Yangtze River as the boundary, the area south of the Yangtze River chooses to pile up materials in mid-August and sow seeds in mid-late September. To the north of the Yangtze River, the heap sowing can be increased by 20 days.

Second, the formula should be scientific. Tricholoma bisporus is a typical saprophytic fungus, which does not contain chlorophyll, so it cannot use sunlight for photosynthesis. Must be completely dependent on the nutrients in the culture medium. Therefore, the selection and proportion of culture materials are very important, and can not be blindly put together. When selecting materials, in addition to fresh and non-mildew, we should pay more attention to the combination of various raw materials, so that the ratio of carbon to nitrogen after preparation should be 30 / 33 / 1. A large amount of manure should not be used because of insufficient forage. If the fertilizer is used too much, if the inorganic fertilizer is overused, the light will cause the mycelium to grow and not produce mushrooms; if it is heavy, the bacteria can not germinate and colonize normally after sowing, how can we talk about successful cultivation. Here are several formulations for growers to choose from: 1. Rice (wheat) grass 2500kg, cow dung 1300kg, bean cake or peanut cake powder 80kg, urea 15kg, ammonium bicarbonate 50kg, calcium persulfate 30kg. 2. Dry rice (wheat) grass 2000kg, dried cow dung 1300kg, cake fertilizer 60kg, soybean powder or corn meal 10kg, urea 30kg, lime powder 50kg, calcium superphosphate 30kg, gypsum 50kg, light calcium carbonate 40kg, ammonium bicarbonate 30kg. 3. Rice (wheat) grass 5000kg, ammonium bicarbonate 25kg, urea 50kg, soybean powder 20kg, calcium superphosphate 100kg, calcium methophos 50kg, lime powder 100kg, lime 60kg. Corncob 5000kg, barnyard manure 1000kg, cotton cake 250kg, urea 25kg, phosphate fertilizer 150kg, lime 125kg. In the above combination formula, the ratio of carbon to carbon is 30m / m, and the cultivated area is 111 square meters.

Third, the construction of piles should be standardized. The cultivation raw materials of high-quality Pleurotus ostreatus must be built by standard. With the help of natural microbial reproduction to produce biological heat, the action mechanism: on the one hand, it can kill harmful pathogens and organisms in the feed, on the other hand, it can kill insects and eggs. The scientific pile-building method can make the material absorb water and ferment evenly. If the method is improper, the fermentation of the early material is bad, which will not only reduce the yield, but even lose the harvest.

The requirement of cultivating Pleurotus ostreatus is close to water source, high topography without stagnant water, and convenient transportation. Heap construction should follow the conventional method to lay a layer of 33cm and then the width does not exceed 200cm, the length of the heap depends on the material. Sprinkle a layer of pre-wetted manure (the crushed dry cow manure is pre-wet according to the ratio of manure to water at 1:1 the day before the pile is built), and then sprinkle a layer of manure with a layer of grass, so that the pile is about 170cm high. From the second floor, the stack should be properly sprayed with 4% lime water, first less and then more, when a small amount of manure flows out from the bottom of the pile. When the heap 150cm is high, you should put the fodder firmly on the heap with your feet. The material pile is small at the bottom and large at the top, and slightly higher at the top. After the completion of the material pile is surrounded by film or grass curtain, if the top of the rainy day should be covered with plastic film to prevent rain and get wet.

After the completion of the pile, the reactor temperature begins to rise, and when the material temperature in the 25cm reaches 60 ℃ and lasts for 6 hours, the pile is turned over. The pile turning requires loosening the forage and emitting exhaust gas to enhance the air permeability of the pile. At the same time, the forage should be adjusted inside, outside, up and down, so that the raw materials can be fermented evenly. At this time, the material stack width should be reduced to 150cm, still stacked into the original state, such as found that the local material is too dry, in the process of turning the pile combined with water spray. After turning the stack, the material temperature rises again, and when it reaches 60 ℃ 75 min, the material temperature will be maintained for 6 hours, and then the second stack turning will be carried out. The stack building method will be the same as before. After turning the pile for three times, the secondary fermentation can be carried out.

Fourth, secondary fermentation. After the complete culture material was accumulated and fermented outside in the early stage, although most of the diseases and insect pests had been killed, it was not complete. at the same time, the lignocellulose content in wheat straw was higher. For the hyphae of Pleurotus ostreatus, which has very low ability to decompose lignin, the yield is very low if cultivated with such materials. Through secondary fermentation, the forage must be further degraded by using beneficial bacteria (such as bacteria, fungi and actinomycetes) to degrade from the original large molecular compounds to simple low molecular compounds in order to facilitate the absorption and utilization of mushroom hyphae. The specific method is as follows: the pre-fermented material is moistened (it is appropriate to take the forage and tightly twist it with water) to adjust the pH (PH) to 7 Mel 8 and go to bed immediately while it is hot. Put it in the middle three layers of the bedstead, less in the upper layer and more in the lower layer, and then it is sealed and heated by steam to make the internal temperature of the material to 58Mel 62 ℃ as soon as possible and keep it for 8 hours. The purpose is to further kill insects and bacteria. Then, properly open the doors and windows for ventilation, slow down the heating, make the temperature drop, when the temperature drops to 48 ℃ 52 min, maintain 7 mi for 8 days, this stage is mainly to cultivate beneficial bacteria to propagate and promote the raw materials to mature.

In the constant temperature phase, doors and windows should be opened and ventilated for 20 minutes a day to allow beneficial microorganisms to reproduce more fully. When the constant temperature is over, the heating can stop.

Fifth, the flat bed is the key. After the second heating fermentation, the culture material of Pleurotus ostreatus naturally dropped below 45 ℃. The doors and windows should be opened immediately for large ventilation, combined with the flat bed to shake loose the culture material, immediately distribute the waste gas produced by microbial metabolism in the culture material (mainly ammonia), and adjust the moisture and pH again at the same time. If the material is too dry, the low PH value can be adjusted by lime water with PH of 8 Mel 9. If the material is wet, it is necessary to increase ventilation to disperse the excess water. When the material temperature drops below 30 ℃, sow seeds while it is hot. If there is no ammonia in the material, the bacteria after sowing can not germinate; if the temperature of the material is not determined, if it rebounds, the bacteria after sowing can be burned to death.

Sixth, management should be conscientious. Engage in edible fungus production, three-point cultivation and seven-point management. Therefore, good cultivation methods are closely related to scientific management. After the forage was sown in the flat bed, the mushroom shed should be closed for three days to keep the bacteria warm, and the germ temperature should be controlled at the same time. It is cultivated in early autumn, when the temperature outside is high. If the temperature in the greenhouse exceeds 33 ℃ for 4 days after sowing, the strain will cause serious damage. If it is found that the temperature in the shed is high, the doors and windows should be opened at night or in the morning for ventilation, and at the same time, combined with spraying well water into the space in the shed and the ground for cooling and humidification treatment, the humidity should be controlled above 85%, otherwise, the strain block will be difficult to germinate, and even the germinated seed block will dry and miniaturize and die. Therefore, it is best to keep the site temperature at about 28 ℃ in the first three days after sowing, so as to facilitate the germination and colonization of bacteria as soon as possible. In case of cloudy and rainy days, all doors and windows should be opened to facilitate mycelium growth. After sowing for three days, ventilation should be carried out for 30 minutes every day. If the outside temperature is high, it should be carried out in the morning or at night when the temperature is low. Conversely, ventilation should be arranged at noon. About a week after sowing, the basic cover of the mycelium, at this time should gradually increase the ventilation in the mushroom shed (chamber), make the material surface dry, the aerial mycelium inverted, forcing the mycelium to grow into the material. After sowing for 15 days, a sharp stick with a thumb thick was used to reverse the cuttings from the bottom of the bed to enhance the air permeability and promote the exuberant growth of hyphae.

In short, the main management of temperature, humidity and ventilation in the process of bacteria generation, the three must be coordinated, bearing in mind that one loses the other, resulting in cultivation failure.

7. Cover with soil for disinfection. Strictly, the hyphae of Pleurotus ostreatus can not produce mushrooms without covering the soil. Only under the stimulation of microorganisms in the natural soil (to Pseudomonas putrefaciens), the hyphae can kink and show buds. Therefore, Pleurotus ostreatus must be covered with soil before it comes out.

There are a large number of pathogenic microorganisms and pests which are harmful to the growth of mushroom hyphae and fruiting bodies in the soil. Therefore, the soil must be disinfected and insecticidal. Otherwise, no matter how good the bacteria are, it will be difficult to make a profit, resulting in all previous efforts being wasted.

After retrieving the covered soil of Pleurotus ostreatus (preferably the soil below the tillage layer), it should be dried and must be disinfected and insecticidal one week before use (the cage bran added to the soil should be soaked in 4% lime water for 24 hours. The method is that two people sprinkle the soil and one person sprays a mixture of formalin and dichlorvos. The soil used for every 111m2 of cultivated area is 1kg and 2kg. The two agents were dissolved in 40kg water and sprayed evenly on the soil, and a pile was built. After spraying the liquid, cover the film on the soil pile, the bottom of the film is compacted with soil, sealed, fumigated for 24 hours or more before use. Spread the sterilized soil two days before covering the soil to dispel the smell of medicine, otherwise the mycelium will not be covered with soil for a long time, and the emergence of mushrooms will be delayed.