Cultivation techniques of Agaricus bisporus in Paddy Field

The cultivation of Agaricus bisporus in paddy field is a "rice-mushroom-rice" farming mode in which culture materials are directly spread on the paddy field after rice harvest and mushroom is cultivated by covering soil. After rice harvest, the straw was dried in the sun, fermented and cultivated in situ, and covered with straw curtain, small plastic arch shed or plastic greenhouse, which saved the process of building mushroom house and transportation of raw materials, and greatly reduced the production cost. In addition, the rotation of cultivated land every year can effectively control diseases and insect pests and make mushroom products meet the requirements of pollution-free quality. In addition, planting Agaricus bisporus in rice field is a good method for effective comprehensive utilization of crop straw. when planting mushroom straw residue is returned to the field on the spot, and then planting rice, less fertilizer can be applied, which lays the foundation for the production of high-quality pollution-free rice. According to the practice of planting Agaricus bisporus, 4000 million jin of fresh mushrooms can be produced per mu, and the annual output value can reach about 7000 yuan. After deducting the production cost, the net income per mu can reach more than 3000 yuan.

1. Biological characteristics of Agaricus bisporus

(1) Life history

The mycelium of Agaricus bisporus develops into fruiting body, and after the fruiting body expands, the spore is the seed, and the seed develops into mycelium, which is a growth cycle of Agaricus bisporus, but at the same time, it can also be propagated by mycelium. This is our common breeding method in cultivation.

(2) nutritional and physiological characteristics

Agaricus bisporus is a recommended rotten fungus. The best carbon source for its growth is the decomposition product of cellulose and hemicellulose, and the suitable nitrogen source is urea, ammonium salt and many kinds of amino acids. In the process of composting and fermentation, nitrogen in compost is utilized by microorganisms and transformed into bacterial proteins, which are decomposed into high-quality nitrogen sources for the growth of Agaricus bisporus. Agaricus bisporus can not directly use straw raw materials, but can only be used after composting, fermentation and microbial degradation. Therefore, the cultivation of Agaricus bisporus can not be cultivated directly with straw, which is different from the production mode of edible mushrooms such as Pleurotus ostreatus, Lentinus edodes and Auricularia auricula.

In addition, mineral elements are also indispensable in the growth of Agaricus bisporus, which are mainly calcium, magnesium, potassium, phosphorus, sulfur and so on, so gypsum, calcium carbonate, calcium superphosphate and lime are often added to the culture material to supplement mineral elements.

(3) Ecological conditions

1. Temperature: the temperature range of mycelium growth of Agaricus bisporus is 5 ℃-33 ℃, the optimum growth temperature is 22 ℃-26 ℃, the mycelium growth is very slow below 5 ℃, the mycelium growth stops above 33 ℃, and the mycelium will die above 40 ℃. The temperature range of fruiting body growth and development is 4 ℃-24 ℃, and the optimum growth temperature is 14 ℃-18 ℃. When the temperature is higher than 19 ℃, the fruiting body grows fast, the stalk is long, the meat is loose, the umbrella is easy to open, and the quality is poor. When the fruit body was below 12 ℃, the fruiting body grew slowly and the mushroom was rare, but the mushroom was large and thick and the tissue was dense. The temperature of spore germination is about 24 ℃.

2. Moisture and humidity: the water of mycelium growth of Agaricus bisporus mainly comes from water vapor in culture material, overlying soil layer and air. In the mycelium growth stage, the suitable water content of the culture material is about 60%, and when the moisture is higher than 70%, the oxygen in the culture material is insufficient, and the linear hyphae often appear, and the vitality decreases, affecting the spread of the mycelium in the material layer; if the water content is less than 50%, the mycelium grows slowly, the villous hyphae are many and slender, and it is not easy to form a fruiting body. During the period of mycelium growth, the water content of the overlying soil layer should be 20% 22%, and the air relative humidity should be kept at about 75%. If the water content of the overlying soil layer is too high, it will affect the growth of mycelium to the lower layer, but a large number of mycelia will appear in the overlying soil layer, which will affect the yield and quality.

During the growth of the fruiting body, the air relative humidity in the environment is required to reach about 90%. If the humidity is less than 80%, scales will appear on the surface of the fruiting body, thus reducing the quality; if it is in a state of high humidity of more than 95% for a long time, the primordia and young mushrooms are easy to die. The water requirement of the fruiting body is mainly satisfied by the water content of the overlying soil layer.

3. Air: Agaricus bisporus is a kind of aerobic fungus. During the growth of mycelium and fruiting body, oxygen is inhaled and carbon dioxide is exhaled. Therefore, the culture material, soil cover and environment are required to be ventilated and ventilated. The permeability of the culture material and the overlying soil layer is poor, which will inhibit the mycelium growth into the material layer due to the lack of oxygen. During the occurrence of fruiting body, insufficient oxygen and high concentration of carbon dioxide will affect the occurrence of fruiting body and lengthen the stipe of fruiting body.

4. Light: light is not needed for mycelial growth and fruiting body development of Agaricus bisporus. When the light is strong, it can inhibit the growth of mycelium; during the growth of fruiting body, under the light environment, the surface of mushroom will turn red, thus reducing the quality of goods. Therefore, the whole growth stage of Agaricus bisporus needs to be carried out in a dark environment.

5. PH (ph): the ph range of mycelial growth of Agaricus bisporus is 5.5 ml 8.5, and the optimum ph value is about 7, that is, neutral environment. As organic acids are produced during the growth of Agaricus bisporus mycelia, thus reducing the ph value in the culture medium, it is necessary to properly increase the ph value before sowing, so that the ph value is about 7.5, and the ph value of the overlying soil layer is 7.5. 8.

6. Other factors: the mycelium of Agaricus bisporus can grow mushroom only after contact with soil, that is, it needs to be covered with soil during cultivation, and the metabolites of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in soil induce the formation of fruiting body.

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