Don't forget to control six major diseases of mushrooms in winter

Brown rot

Diseased mushrooms were infected when young, unable to differentiate, and in the later stage, irregular gray-white "goose heads" were formed, such as the cap was as thick as fist, or the stalk cap was difficult to distinguish, and a layer of "white hair" was planted on the surface. When the temperature was above 20 ℃, the color of diseased mushrooms darkened in 4 to 5 days, then rotted, oozed brown and soy sauce, and rotted and smelly; if the greenhouse temperature was lower than 20 ℃, the process became longer and took more than 7 days. When the fruiting body was infected in the middle stage of growth, brown spots appeared on the surface of the cap, and the stalk was chubby, then the mushroom body became soft and dark brown droplets exuded. The internal tissue of the diseased mushroom is changed from the original white to dark white, and after the mushroom body is soft rotted, it becomes dark brown and gives off a bad smell. It is mainly caused by the transmission of bacterial spores through air, man-made, tools and other channels.

Prevention and control measures: clean up environmental hygiene, last year's infected old mushroom shed can remove a layer of wall skin before re-use, then pile up the straw and burn it, and then re-buckle the shed and spray carbendazim solution again, its dosage is 1 kg of 50% carbendazim powder for every 100 square meters of mushroom shed, about 80 kg of water, evenly sprayed, and the stew shed can be used after 2 days. When the temperature is lower than 13 ℃, it can inhibit the damage of bacteria. Scraping material surface 0.2cm to 0.3cm thick, carpet spraying 70cm 100 times disease-free solution can effectively inhibit or kill some pathogens. Preventive measures can also be taken: after the bacterial bag enters the shed or after sowing, spray 100-150 times the traceless solution, strengthen it again before mushroom emergence, and spray twice continuously at the initial stage of the disease, and the effect is very good.

Brown spot disease

In the early stage of the disease, the primordium of the mushroom can be deformed, and when infecting the young mushroom, brown stripes can appear on the stalk or base, the cover is covered with brown spots, the diseased mushroom grows to one side, and the diseased mushroom is cut and observed. the interior of the tissue is yellowish brown, dry and loose, and the mushroom body does not rot and has no odor. The initial onset of the disease may be caused by the germination of pathogenic spores remaining in the soil and floating in the air, and the rapid spread after the disease is spread through the human body, tools, insects and even water splashing.

Control measures: the treatment of mushroom shed can refer to brown rot. The secondary fermentation technology is advocated in the production of Pleurotus ostreatus; the covered soil materials should be routinely sterilized; after the bags enter the shed or Coprinus comatus or Pleurotus ostreatus are covered with soil, blanket spraying 150 times to remove all diseases without a trace; at the initial stage of the disease, continuous spraying 100 times to remove diseases more than 2 times; when the damage is more serious, clean up all diseased mushrooms, stop using water, ventilate and dry, burn diseased mushrooms, clean the material surface and brush 50 times of diseases without a trace. Wash all tools and materials that may carry bacteria with 600 times carbendazim solution.

Soft rot

Also known as downy mildew, etc., after the disease, the mushroom bed becomes dark gray-green or dark brown after it is covered by the gray-white hyphae of the pathogen, and the edible fungus mycelium loses its vitality due to lack of oxygen and is infected by the secretion of the pathogen. After that, it is very difficult to produce mushrooms. The fruiting body that occurs before the serious damage of the disease first occurs from the base and extends upward to the cap. At the initial stage of the cap, there are watermarked spots of different sizes. Then it was covered by germs, died, and finally rotted, and fell with the touch of the hand. Its pathogens are transmitted through soil-covered materials, water, insects, and the flow of human and air.

Control measures: mushroom shed treatment can refer to the above. Strengthen the improvement of the ventilation condition of the mushroom shed to reduce the surface humidity of the bacterial bed or fungus wall as much as possible, especially after artificial water spraying, it is more necessary to ventilate in time; the pH value of the base material can be adjusted to about 7, and the alkali-tolerant varieties can be adjusted to about 9; in the early stage of the disease, when there is bacterial hyphae on the surface of the mushroom bed, it can be sprayed 100 times to remove the disease; when the disease is serious, a small amount of lime powder can be applied to cover the disease area. When damage occurs in a large area, the diseased mushroom can be removed and the material surface and soil covering material can be cleaned. After spraying 100 times of disease without trace, the newly treated soil covering material can be replaced, and then 150 times of disease solution can be sprayed to prevent the occurrence of disease.

Leaf spot disease

The damage symptoms are that round or oval ferruginous spots are formed on the surface of the cover, the edges of the spots are neat, the middle of the spots are sunken, and after the spots are dry, the cover cracks to form an asymmetric fruiting body, there is less infection on the stalk, and there is basically no infection on the fold. The disease is a bacterial disease, and there are bacteria latent in all kinds of raw and auxiliary materials, soil-covered materials and water. When the air humidity is more than 15 ℃ and the air humidity is more than 85%, the bacteria are extremely active and spread through channels such as the human body, air flow, insect infiltration, tool carrying, etc., especially in high humidity and poor ventilation, it is more likely to induce the disease.

Prevention and control measures: the mushroom shed should be thoroughly disinfected before opening; when the fermentation material is used, the base material should be rotten evenly; during the period of bacteria and mushroom production, all diseases should be sprayed without a trace to achieve the purpose of prevention; in the early stage of the disease, spray 150 times mushroom Shixianling solution; when the disease is more serious, it can clear the diseased mushroom and clean the material surface, and spray about 70 times mushroom Shixianling solution continuously for more than 2 times. During daily management, the air humidity should be kept at about 85%, not too high, and reasonable ventilation should be maintained, especially after spraying water, the moisture on the surface of the bacterial cap should be evaporated within 1 hour, otherwise, staying for too long can easily lead to the disease.

Yellow spot disease

At the initial stage of infection, there were small spotted light yellow spots on the lid, which expanded with the growth of the fruiting body and infected other fruiting bodies, then the color became darker and expanded to the whole cap. In the later stage of the infection, the mushroom secreted yellowish-brown water droplets, and the diseased plants stopped growing. Then atrophy, death.

The pathogen likes the environment of high temperature and humidity, especially when the temperature is more than 20 ℃, the humidity is more than 95% and the concentration of carbon dioxide is high. When the water in the base material and mushroom shed is not clean, the incidence of the disease is also very high.

Prevention and control measures: strengthen ventilation to reduce the concentration of carbon dioxide in the greenhouse to less than 0.5%; reduce the humidity of the greenhouse, especially in the season or period of time that need to be kept warm, and control the air humidity at about 85%; in the early stage of the disease, spray 70 times mushroom disinfectant or yellow mushroom spray solution twice, it can be effectively suppressed. After the middle stage of the disease, diseased mushrooms should be removed, combined with cleaning and cleaning, 50-70 times mushroom Shixianling solution should be sprayed continuously for 2 times 4 times. However, it should be noted that after spraying, seal the shed for 1-2 hours, and then strengthen ventilation and reduce the temperature of the shed.

Chromatic disease

The lid of young mushroom changed from grayish brown and black brown to local or all yellow, scorched yellow or tile blue, which inhibited the growth of fruiting body, slowed down the growth rate obviously, and grew into deformed mushroom or cap wrinkled and warped, which seriously affected the quality of goods.

Prevention and control measures: the cause of the disease is that when the coal stove is heated up in the low temperature season, the concentration of carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide in the shed is relatively high, and the fruiting body forms short-term poisoning symptoms after inhaling this kind of gas, but the bacterial cap (especially the edge) changes color; some chemicals in the poor quality plastic greenhouse film are dropped on the fruiting body after being precipitated by condensed water, and this kind of disease can also occur, which often turns the bacterial cover into yellow coke. Some drug residues in soil-covered materials, drug residues in sprayers, and the invasion of some harmful gases can also lead to this problem. Mushroom farmers should find out the causes of the disease according to the specific conditions of production, and "prescribe the right medicine" to solve the problem, and should not use drugs blindly.