Cultivation techniques of High yield and High quality of Kernel Apricot

First, the choice of garden. Kernel apricot trees can grow and bear fruit in the areas where the altitude is 100-1800 m, the frost-free period is 100-220d, the extreme minimum temperature is lower than-34.7℃, the extreme maximum temperature is higher than 43.3℃, and the annual rainfall is ≥ 35mm. However, due to the early flowering period of apricot trees, it is generally not suitable to plant apricot trees in areas where frost occurs frequently and seriously. The garden should be selected in areas where soil, air and water are free of pollution, requiring that the thickness of the soil layer is more than 50 cm, the content of soil organic matter is more than 0.7%, the pH value is 6-8.5, the groundwater level is below 15 meters, and the salt content of groundwater is not more than 0.2%. And well-drained loam, sandy loam, light clay loam. Avoid building a garden in a valley where cold air is easy to be deposited in low-lying places, windward openings and depressions in the middle and lower part of the hillside.

Second, variety selection and configuration of pollination trees. The main varieties are selected with high quality, high yield, high commodity value and strong adaptability, while the pollinated varieties are Baiyupian, Yiwofeng and Youyi, and more than two pollinated varieties should be selected for mixed pollination in the same apricot orchard. The ratio of pollinated varieties to main varieties was 1:4-5.

III. Cultivation techniques

1. Planting. The planting period of ⑴: from soil thawing in spring to before sprouting, from defoliation in autumn to before freezing in arid and water-deficient areas. ⑵ planting density: generally adopted row spacing 4m, plant spacing 1.5m-2m, planting 83111plants per mu. ⑶ dig fixed planting pit: on the basis of soil preparation, dig 50 cm square planting pit, apply 20 kg of rotten organic fertilizer and 1 kg of superphosphate in each pit, mix it with topsoil evenly, and then water it down. Selection and treatment of ⑷ seedlings: select high-quality strong seedlings, remove the plastic strip at the interface, cut the wound of the main and lateral roots to fresh places, soak the roots in clean water for 12-14 hours the day before planting, soak the roots with 100mg / lab solution for 2 hours, and then dip them in mud. ⑸ planting: dig out the corresponding planting pit according to the seedling root size, put the seedling root into the pit, face the windward direction of the interface, and grasp the depth of the original soil print under the interface to keep level with the ground. Bury the roots in layers and lift the seedlings up slightly when half of the soil is buried to make the roots stretch. 15-30kg of water is irrigated in the pit to make the water come into contact with the soil moisture. After water seepage, fill the soil to level with the ground, flatten the tree plate, do not plant deeply. ⑹ film to preserve soil moisture: after the tree plate is leveled, the whole pit surface is covered with plastic film immediately, the edge is compacted with soil, and the soil is cultivated into a small mound near the seedlings, and the mound is flattened before entering the rainy season. ⑺ fixed drying: the drying height is 50-60 cm where watering conditions are available, and about 40 cm where watering is difficult. ⑻ plastic cylinder: after drying, cover the seedling from the upper end of the plastic tube with a length of 30 cm and a diameter of 4-5 cm, and fasten it up and down and in the middle. When sprouting, pierce the hole and breathe, then gradually cut the mouth and remove the plastic tube. Autumn planting in ⑼ arid area: select 30 cm fixed dry seedlings, planting method is the same as above. A mound of soil is formed around the stem and 15 cm above the top of the stem. The stem remains upright and unbent. In the spring of the second year, the cold-proof soil was not plucked, so that the stem branches and buds of the seedlings were pushed out from the mound, and the mounds were removed by stages before the rainy season. ⑽ replanting: when planting an orchard, 15% more seedlings should be planted in the planting line, which is conducive to local transplanting and make the orchard neat and consistent.

2. Fertilizer and water management. Kernel apricot likes potassium fertilizer, and the suitable ratio of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium is 6.3-8.1. The soils of the Loess Plateau and Northwest China are rich in potassium, but there is a lack of potassium in the soils of Northeast, Eastern North China, Shandong and Henan, so it is necessary to apply potassium fertilizer separately, such as potassium sulfate. On the basis of sufficient base fertilizer, about 750 kg of urea was applied per hectare in the young orchard from May to June, and about 900 kg of special compound fertilizer for fruit trees from September to October. The base fertilizer of adult apricot orchard should be applied as early as possible in autumn, mainly high-quality organic fertilizer, about 75000 kg of high-quality manure per hectare, topdressing urea, fruit tree special compound fertilizer, diammonium phosphate, potassium sulfate compound fertilizer and so on before germination, hard seed stage and after fruit harvest. During the growth period, 0.3% urea and 0.3% potassium dihydrogen phosphate were added as appropriate. Generally, irrigation is carried out in combination with fertilization before budding, fruit setting period after flowering, half a month before harvest and before soil freezing. Water-saving measures such as flow irrigation, micro-spraying and seepage irrigation can be adopted in water shortage areas.

3. Florescence management. In order to avoid the harm of late frost, irrigation can be done about 10 days before flowering, which can reduce ground temperature, increase air humidity and postpone flowering. According to the weather forecast, when the frost comes, it can smoke and prevent frost, and artificial pollination or bee pollination can be carried out during the flowering period. generally, there is a box of @ # or 60-80 horns per mu of apricot orchard. Spraying 0.3% urea + 0.3% borax at flowering stage can promote pollen adhesion and germination and increase fruit setting rate.

4. Shaping and pruning. The principle of shaping and pruning: adopt the tree shape of low trunk and low crown, reduce the number and grade of backbone branches as much as possible, reduce the crown structure, make full use of space, increase the amount of fruiting branches, maximize the interception of light energy, and load the maximum yield. The young trees are aimed at light cutting, opening angle, ventilation and light transmission, rapid branch growth, early fruiting and high yield. The fruit trees pay special attention to adjust the proportion of branches, leaves and fruits, rotate fruit and renew it, prevent the middle and lower part of the backbone branches from being bald, and ensure stable yield and high quality.

5. Pest control. It is very important to control diseases and pests during the dormant period of apricot trees.

⑴ can remove some diseases and insect branches, such as apricot furuncle and Dendrolimus punctatus, during winter pruning. ⑵ can wipe out the main branches and branches of the tree trunk and branches back and forth because it overwinters mainly in the cracks in the trunk and main branches and some branches. Most of the eggs of ⑶ apricot weevil and almond wasp overwintered on the fallen fruit and branches. It can be burned by cleaning the fallen fruit, core and dead branches in the orchard. ⑷ apricot star caterpillar overwinters as young larvae cocoon in bark cracks. It can scrape off the brown curly outside the trunk, main branches and other dry branches with a knife in early spring, and concentrate and burn the bark. Spraying 3-5 °be stone sulfur mixture before apricot germination with ⑸ can significantly reduce the number of diseases and insect pests. All kinds of diseases and insect pests occurred during the growing period can be controlled by chemical methods.