Introduction of almond varieties and cultivation techniques

I. introduction of excellent new varieties of almond

Almonds can be classified according to the thickness of their shells:

1. Thin shell almond: the shell is as thin as paper, with a thickness of 0.06 mi 0.10 cm, it is easy to break the shell with one hand, and the kernel rate is more than 50%.

two。 Soft shell almond: shell thickness 0.1l-0.15 cm, kernel yield 40% Mel 50%. The fruit shell structure has spongy tissue and beautiful appearance. Although the fruit shell is thick, it can be crushed with both hands.

3. Standard shell tonsils: the shell thickness is 0.26ml 0.25 cm, the kernel yield is 32% Mel 40%, and the shell can be broken by tapping with pliers or hammers.

4. Hard-shell almond: the shell thickness is more than 0.26 cm, and the kernel yield is 17% 30%. The shell can be broken only with heavy hammering, which is easy to produce a large number of broken nuts, which is poor in commerciality and can only be used as rootstocks or breeding materials.

Nonpareil, the main variety grown in California, USA, has medium to large kernels, weighing 1.0ml 1.3g, thin shell, loose sealing, cracking along one side of the suture line, producing kernels, which is suitable for producing nuts. It is characterized by early fruit, stable yield, high yield, large and uniform fruit and good flavor. The kernel rate is 60%. It matures from late August to early September, with large trees, upright branches, extended branches and prosperous growth.

Naplas: this variety is an excellent pollination tree in California, USA, with early fruit, high yield, large nuts, soft shell, strict closure and good flavor. The florescence was 5 days earlier and the harvest time was 2 weeks later than that of Nongpal.

Mission: it is one of the most cultivated varieties in California, USA. The result is early, high yield, stable yield, full fruit, good wind, good commodity, small and plump nuts, average kernel weight 1.0g, shell very hard, kernel yield 40% Mel 45%. The flower is late, 6 days later than Nongpal, it is easy to avoid the harm of late frost, and the harvest time is about 1 month later than Nongpal. It is a good pollination combination when combined with Naplas species with early flowering stage to pollinate Nongpar. The tree body is large, the young tree is prosperous, the upright is strong, and it is easy to shape and prune.

Shaanxi 86-1: fruit Tree Research Institute of Northwestern University of Agriculture and Forestry, selected from the "Nongpar" variety cultivation garden introduced from the United States. The kernel is oblong and round, the size is uniform, the kernel surface is smooth, the appearance is good, and the kernel color is light brown. The shell is very thin and easy to peel off, and the kernel yield is 70% higher than that of the "Nongpar" variety, and the nuts mature 20 days earlier. In Weibei, Shaanxi, the fruit is in full bloom in late March, and the fruit is ripe in late July and early August. The result is early and the yield is good.

The fruit tree research institute of Northwest University of Agriculture and Forestry Science and Technology was selected from seeds introduced by Israel, with an average single kernel weight of .1 g, double nuts weighing 1.7 grams, brown nuts, thick shell, and a kernel yield of 49.4%. It blossoms in Weibei area and the fruit ripens in mid-August. The fruit is early, the yield is good, the tree grows healthily, and the disadvantage is that the rate of double nuts is high.

Shaanxi 86-4: the Fruit Tree Research Institute of Northwestern University of Agriculture and Forestry was selected from the imported materials in the United States. the nuts were flat, round, plump, 1.26 grams per unit, and the kernel rate was 45.1%. The flowering period was slightly later than that of Shaan86Mui, and the fruit matured in the middle of September. The tree is erect, exuberant, high yield and strong adaptability. It is also a good pollination variety of Shaan86Mul.

Second, the production status and development prospect of almond

Almond, also known as Balu apricot, is a precious fruit and one of the main woody oil tree species. It belongs to the peach genus of Liliaceae of Rosaceae. It is native to West Asia and Zhongwu Mountains. At present, it has become a worldwide fruit tree, and almond is cultivated on five continents. The flat cultivation in China was mainly concentrated in the northwest and southwest of China before the Tang Dynasty, especially in Aksu, Kashgar and Hotan to the south of Tianshan. According to the analysis of national meteorological data and the division index of fruit tree belt in China, almond can be planted on a trial basis in the range of 30 °north latitude, including Liaodong Peninsula, Hexi Corridor and Yellow River valley. At present, Xi'an Botanical Garden in Shaanxi Province, many counties in Hebei Province, Beijing, Taian, Shandong and other provinces and cities have successful trial planting examples, indicating that almond cultivation in the lower reaches of the Yellow River is promising and promising.

The edible part of almond (American almond) has become a popular commodity in the international market in recent years. The annual trade volume between Europe and the United States is about 150000 tons, and the economic benefit is very good. Its main producing countries are the United States, Italy, Spain and other countries. Most of these countries carry out development combined with ecological environment and ecological benefits. For example, in Jiadan I in the United States, the annual rainfall is only 480mm, and most of the rainfall is concentrated from November to March, and the growing season from May to September is the dry season, but there are 6000 almond growers operating 220000 hectares of apricot orchards with an annual output of X7,000 tons of almonds, with direct economic benefits of US $830 million. The state's Sapphire Almond Company is responsible for purchasing almonds and processing them into a variety of high-end products, which are sold to 92 countries and regions around the world, with a total value of US $200 million.

Almonds have become the second pillar industry in California. China has not yet exported almond, and the number of domestic markets is also small. In supermarkets all over the country, most of them are engaged in imported apricots with high prices. According to the market situation of the origin of Baqiao apricot in China, the price is 30mur35 yuan per kilogram. Calculated according to the per unit yield of 100 kilograms, the output value per mu can reach 3000liter 3500 yuan. Therefore, the economic benefit of developing almond is considerable. The development of varieties should be based on Nongpar, Nongpaieli, Meixin and Nongpar's preferred 86murl introduced from the United States.

3. Key points of cultivation techniques of almond

(1) Establishment of a garden

1. Garden choice. Almond can resist the low temperature of-20Mel 26 ℃ during dormancy. It can withstand transient low temperature of 4 ℃ and 0.5 ℃ at flowering and young fruit stage. Almond has the characteristics of short dormant period and early flowering, and its flowering period is basically the same as that of apricot, so it is easy to be harmed by late frost. This is a problem that should be paid special attention to when choosing a garden. We should choose to build a garden in the middle of the hillside or open valley where the late frost is not easy to occur while not on the windward side of the main wind. Almond has a strong light preference, and the garden should be selected in the sunny zone on the south slope. Drought tolerance is strong, soil requirements are not strict, but from the production of high-quality and high-yield almond products, should be good air permeability, fertile sandy loam or loam is the most suitable.

two。 Configure the pollination tree. Almond most white flowers are not fruiting, even if there are a few white flower fruiting varieties, the fruit setting rate is also very low, when planting, we must configure pollination trees. Generally, it is more suitable to plant 4 varieties of 3mi in the same garden. Almond pollination requires high temperature, under the condition of high air humidity and air temperature of 9 ℃ and 12 min, the anther does not crack and the pollen can not be released, which leads to poor fertilization and reduced yield.

3. Planting density. Almond like light, should not be too dense, generally 3mur4m × 5Mel 6m, early land, hilly thin land appropriate dense, soil fertile irrigation area appropriate sparse.

(2) shaping and pruning techniques

Almonds start and bear fruit early. The grafted seedlings generally began to bear fruit in 2-3 years, with strong growth potential, high germination rate and branch formation rate, large annual growth, and had the characteristics of two shoots. Hidden bud sprouting power is strong, stimulated can germinate branches, and easy to form flower buds, early fruit, easy to yield, but after a large number of fruit, the tree is easy to decline. Therefore, after planting, from the second year, it is necessary to carry out reasonable plastic surgery and pruning. The following tree shapes are mainly used in the tree shape:

The main results are as follows: (1) Natural happy shape: dry height 40-60cm, there are 4 main branches on the trunk, the base angle is 40 °- 50 °, the main branches are spaced 20-40cm, and grow outward centrifugally. There are 4 lateral branches on each main branch and a fruiting branch group on the lateral branches.

(2) the double main branches "wide zigzag: Gangao 40-50cm" were cultured on the left and right main branches, and 5 lateral branches were selected on the main branches. this kind of tree has strong growth, good light and high yield.

(3) the shape of the trunk is 50-70cm in height, with central trunk. Every 15-30cm on the middle and central trunk, the main branches are helically staggered with a base angle of 45 °- 50 °. Several lateral branches are selected on the main branches, and the fruiting branches are equipped on the lateral branches.

(3) pest control techniques

The main diseases and insect pests of almond are as follows:

(1) dry rot: strengthen the management of soil, fertilizer and water, enhance the tree potential, apply the trunk to prevent sunburn, remove the source of bacteria in winter, brush the scar with 4mur5 "stone sulfur mixture, 60% sodium arsenite or 1% concentration of Shuangxiaoling and other agents.

(2) powdery mildew: cut off diseased branches and leaves and clear the garden after autumn. Methyl topiramate, trimethoprim, trimethoprim and so on were used alternately, sprayed once every 10 murals for 15 days, for a total of 2 mures for 3 times.

(3) gummy disease: strengthen tree management and prevent pest damage. Since April, fungicides have been sprayed every other month for 4 times. Use fenitrothion, methamidophos, isocarbophos, imidacloprid, mites to kill aphids, red spiders and other pests.