High-yield cultivation techniques of soybean in northern high-cold region

The scope of this model includes the northern part of the third accumulated temperate zone and the vast area of the fourth accumulated temperate zone in Nehe River, Keshan, Yi'an, Kedong and Heihe City, Nenjiang, Bei'an, Xunke, Aihui, Sunwu and other counties (urban areas) in the north of Qiqihar, Heilongjiang Province.

The soybean planting area in this area is about 10 million mu, which has an important influence on the soybean production of the whole province and even the whole country.

The area has a large area of cultivated land, a high degree of mechanization, and a commodity rate as high as 70%. It is an important soybean export base for the province and the country.

The area has a cool climate, less pollution, light diseases and insect pests, and low consumption of chemical fertilizers and pesticides, so it is recognized as a green food soybean production base.

The soil in this area is fertile, with simultaneous rain and heat during crop growth, a large temperature difference between day and night, and sufficient light, which is more conducive to the growth and development of soybean. However, because the area is located in high cold and short frost-free period, low temperature and early frost are important factors affecting human bean production, and there are more gale days in spring. Less precipitation in spring and early summer also had a great effect on the growth and development of soybean.

As the proportion of soybean planting in this area is as high as 40% 70%, and the re-cropping is 50%-95%, the problem of continuous cropping is a prominent problem in soybean production.

In view of the climatic characteristics and the problems in production in this area, through the experiment and demonstration of comprehensive techniques for large area high yield of soybean in the past six years, we summarized the large area high yield cultivation techniques of soybean with machinery as the carrier and early as the basic form of cultivation, with the promotion of early maturity as the central link.

"the stubble is ploughed early in autumn, the improved varieties are carefully coated, and the layered application of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizer is suitable for early sowing and uniform planting: weeding, disease control, pest control, and strict control."

Technical specification for engineering cultivation of high yield of soybean

1. Rotation

Practice 2-3 years of crop rotation to avoid continuous cropping; the first crop is mainly corn, potato and so on.

2. Ploughing and land preparation

Soil preparation by ploughing and ploughing in autumn requires that the soil in the plough layer is fine and loose, and the ground is flat, with no more than 3 5cm plots per square meter of plough layer, and the land in autumn should reach the state of sowing.

3. Fertilization

The main results are as follows: (1) increase the application of potassium fertilizer, and the reasonable combination of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium. In general, diammonium 10~12Kg, urea 3Kg, potassium sulfate 4~5Kg were applied per mu, and the ratio of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium was 1 ∶ 1.4 ∶ 0.6. And apply a small amount of micro-fertilizer.

(2) applying 1 / 2 cubic meters of rotten agricultural fertilizer per mu before turning in autumn; it can also be applied to the previous crop to fertilize the previous crop.

(3) Chemical fertilizer as seed fertilizer should be applied in layers, except for a small amount in the upper layer, most of it should be applied to plant 7~10cm, seed fertilizer isolation, strict prevention of burning seedlings.

4. Select improved varieties

(1) selection of improved varieties

Select improved varieties according to local climate and soil conditions, and strictly prevent cross-area planting. Heihe 18 and other main varieties were planted in the north of the fourth accumulated temperate zone, with Heihe 17, Beifeng 15 and Heihe 22; in the southern part of the fourth accumulated temperate zone, Heihe 19 and Beifeng 11 were mainly planted with Heihe 18; and Beifeng 14 and Heihe 23 were the main varieties in the third accumulated temperate zone. with Beifeng 9 and other varieties. The seed purity is more than 98%, the purity is more than 99%, and the germination rate is more than 95%.

(2) seed treatment

After mechanical selection or manual screening, the seeds were selected again to get rid of diseases, insects and miscellaneous seeds, and the seeds were coated with seed coating agents such as "Keduofu" or "micro-compound fertilizer Ⅰ".

5. Sowing seeds

(1) sowing date. It is appropriate to start sowing when the ground temperature is stable through 8 ℃. In order to accumulate mild soil moisture locally, it usually starts sowing after May 1 and finishes before May 10.

(2) sowing method. 60~70cm is used in large ridge cultivation, precision on demand with double strips on ridge, 45~50cm can be used in small ridge, precision on demand with double strips on ridge, and 15cm, 30cm or 45cm can be used in horizontal cultivation and narrow row close planting.

(3) density. There are about 300000 seedlings in Dalong, 35 ~ 400000 in Xiaolong and 45 ~ 550000 in narrow rows.

(4) sowing quality. The error of total seeding rate is 42%, the error of single port discharge is 43%, the seed is uniform, not heavy, no leakage, sowing depth 4~5cm, sowing with pressure.

6. Management

(1) chemical weeding. After sowing, Pushite and Guangmianling are commonly used before seedling sowing, and Acetochlor plus Douhuanglong can also be used to control weeds. The general principle is to select suitable herbicides according to the situation of weeds.

(2) Deep loosening or ploughing before shovel. Deep 10~20cm, warm up and release cold.

(3) shovel 2 or 3 times and pull up the big grass once.

(4) Prevention and control of diseases and insect pests

A to control soybean gray leaf spot and purple spot. In the first ten days of August, more than 40% Miaoling or 70% methyl topiramate wettable powder 400 × 500 times were sprayed 1 times twice.

B against aphids, red spiders and thrips. When the spot film occurs, use 40% dimethoate EC 800 times liquid spray to prevent and cure.

C against soybean heart-eating insects. In the first and middle of August, it was found that the heart borer was used to make poison sticks with 80% dichlorvos EC 0.1~0.13Kg during collective flight or to use kung fu spraying to control.

D foliar topdressing and promoting precocious maturity. The leaves were sprayed with 0.7~0.8Kg urea plus potassium dihydrogen phosphate 0.1Kg and 30~40Kg water at flowering stage.

7. Harvest

(1) harvest time. In the yellow ripening stage of soybean, 80% of the leaves fall off, the beans turn yellow, most of the pods turn yellow, and a few turn brown.

(2) harvest quality. Stubble height to leave no pods shall prevail, do not lose branches when harvesting, do not explode pods and drop seeds.

A brief description of the technical model

The 42-character model of "ploughing in autumn and early ploughing in autumn" in this 42-character model contains two meanings: first, in view of the serious situation of continuous cropping of local soybean, it is emphasized that the high yield of soybean must take the road of virtuous circle, in addition to selecting the right stubble, according to the reality of local production. Ying stubble is also a better stubble. Second, in view of the characteristics of early farming and "ten years and nine springs" in this area, it is proposed that soil preparation should be carried out as early as possible, fine soil preparation, and savings of Rain Water in autumn, so as to achieve the prevention of spring drought and autumn, and give full play to the role of "soil reservoir". "seed coating and fine selection" not only emphasizes the function and selection of improved varieties, but also mainly aims at the reality of serious continuous cropping in production, emphasizing seed coating and reducing the loss of yield caused by continuous cropping. "layered application of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizer" is not only the normal application of nitrogen and phosphorus, but also the experimental results of applying potassium fertilizer in successive cropping, emphasizing the application of potash fertilizer, layered application refers to the application method of chemical fertilizer, in order to improve its fertilizer efficiency. In view of the fact that this area is vulnerable to low temperature nail frost, affecting yield and quality, "suitable early sowing and uniform planting point" emphasizes early sowing and grabbing accumulated temperature and business situation. The uniform planting point mainly refers to the sowing method, paying attention to the uniform distribution of seeds and emphasizing precision on demand. "weeding, disease control and pest control" is mainly put forward on the basis of the large area of cultivated land, easy grass shortage and the increasing trend of the occurrence of diseases and insect pests. "the appropriate harvest should be carefully controlled and strictly guarded", emphasizing that it should be harvested at the right time, reduce losses, do a good job in the last hurdle, get the fruits of the bumper harvest, and achieve a bumper harvest.