Diseases and insect pests of edible fungi and their control methods

Bacterial leaf spot

First, harmful symptoms the disease often occurs in the bacterial bag or bacterial bed, its surface is mucus, hyphae yellowing, the pathogen can produce toxins, so that the cover on the emergence of disease spots. The plaque is brown, round or oval, the periphery of the spot is dark and irregular, the center of the lid is gray-white when wet, there is milky mucus, and the central part is slightly sunken when the air is dry. The disease spot on the stalk is rhombic and oval in shape.

Second, the incidence conditions of climate discomfort, in case of high temperature, high humidity, relative air humidity of more than 95%; poor ventilation, carbon dioxide concentration of more than 0.1%; weak resistance of bacteria, the disease will occur in a large area. Pathogens can spread hazards through soil, water, air, culture materials, insects and manual operation.

Third, control methods (1) cultivation control. Mushroom farm disinfection, water purification; strengthen mushroom farm ventilation, heat dissipation and cooling, do not spray with water; sow seeds in time to avoid the season of high temperature and humidity. (2) for the mushroom farms with high incidence of bacterial leaf spot, in addition to timely control, disease-resistant varieties should be selected, different high-yield and high-quality varieties should be selected in rotation, and varieties with strong disease resistance should be selected. (3) prescribe the right medicine to the case. When the condition is mild, ventilate and disperse dampness, and spray 1% lime solution or 0.2% bleach solution. If the disease is serious, the diseased mushroom should be removed first, the yellowed surface hyphae should be scraped, 5% lime liquid should be sprayed, or a strong chlorine disinfection tablet should be dissolved with 4 kg of water and sprayed for 2 times.

Bacterial rot

First, harmful symptoms are easy to occur in both the fungus stage and the mushroom stage. If a large number of propagation in the culture material, can form a yellowish-brown and dark mycelium layer, so that the mycelium growth is inhibited. In the fruiting stage, after the fruiting body was infected, the mushroom body was immersed in water, sticky, and then rotted.

Second, the disease conditions the bacteria widely exist in organic matter and water, when mixing the use of unclean water, the bacteria period may be infected with the disease. In the mushroom stage, the mouth of the bacterial bag accumulated water for a long time, and the primordium was flooded, which was prone to rot.

Third, prevention and control methods (1) use clean water to mix materials, properly control the water content of culture materials in the mushroom period, properly reduce the air humidity in the mushroom room during the mushroom emergence period, strengthen ventilation, and prevent the accumulation of water in bacterial bags when spraying water. (2) once diseased mushrooms are found on the bacterial bag or mushroom bed, immediately remove them, stop spraying water and strictly prevent the spread of germs. (3) Chemical control can refer to the prevention and control measures of bacterial leaf spot.

Soft rot of Fusarium oxysporum

First, the primordium of the injured part of the harmful symptom can not be formed. after the mushroom is formed, the hyphae of the bacteria can invade the stalk and cap of the mushroom body, and the damaged mushroom body shows the phenomenon of water-stained soft rot, and when the mushroom body is serious, the mushroom body loses and decays.

Second, the pathogenic condition bacteria live in the soil and organic residues rich in organic matter. The disease is easy to occur in fertile seedbeds, vegetable garden soil and topsoil; the disease occurs in plastic greenhouses and solar greenhouses under acidic conditions and above 90% relative humidity at a temperature of about 25 ℃.

Third, prevention and control methods (1) using bottom soil or yellow soil as covering material can effectively reduce the source of disease. (2) the mushroom bed adopts the method of alternating dry and wet water management, and maintains a good ventilation environment. Use 1%-2% lime solution to prevent and cure the change of tide. (3) once the disease occurs, stop spraying water, immediately ventilate and reduce humidity, and pick off diseased mushrooms. The disease site was sprayed with 5% lime liquid, or 50% carbendazim 800-1200 times liquid, or duo mushroom abundant 500 times liquid for prevention and control.

Deformed mushroom

First, the cause is caused by improper temperature management, or by heating coal and firewood to produce toxic gases such as sulfur dioxide and carbon monoxide.

Second, prevention and control measures: the mushroom shed should be well ventilated with sufficient light; when heating up in winter, we should pay attention to ventilation, do not directly light a fire in the mushroom shed, and build a fire wall or fire path.

Edematous mushroom

First, the cause of the diseased mushroom shape is basically normal, but the mushroom body water content is high, the appearance is translucent, the color is yellowing, hold the dripping water. The reason is that improper use of water, over-frequent watering, resulting in high humidity in the shed, mushroom cover water can not evaporate, and finally form edema, or even soften rot.

Second, prevention and control measures to strengthen water management, water spraying must maintain ventilation, do not make mushroom cover with stagnant water; timely picking, find diseased mushrooms removed in time, at the same time strengthen ventilation, adjust humidity, prevent the induction of other diseases and insect pests.

No budding

1. Improper selection of bacteria, low temperature bacteria in high temperature season or high temperature bacteria in low temperature season, low water content of culture material, dry material surface, excessive vegetative growth, exuberant mycelium on the surface of culture material, aging of mycelium, bag surface forming thick bacterial film, poor ventilation and insufficient light, delaying the vegetative growth of mycelium.

Second, the prevention and control measures select suitable temperature-type bacteria, spray water to humidify, increase the air relative humidity to 85%-90%; properly reduce the nitrogen content when proportioning, maintain nutrition balance, lower the temperature when promoting buds; cut the bacterial film with iron wire, pierce holes to increase oxygen; ventilation and cooling to enlarge the temperature difference between day and night, spray stimulation, increase scattered light, and induce the formation of mushroom buds.

Soft bag

In general, there is hyphae on the surface of the bag, but the mycelium in the bag is less, sparse and not tight, and the bag is soft and inelastic.

First, the causes of bacteria degradation or aging, the vitality weakened; high temperature damaged the mycelium; too much nitrogen was added, the bacteria in the material multiplied and inhibited the mycelium growth; the culture material had high water content and insufficient oxygen, which affected the inward growth of mycelium.

Second, the robust bacteria of suitable age should be selected for control measures. Suitable temperature inoculation, suitable temperature culture, prevent high temperature injury bacteria. Add nitrogen to the culture medium properly, do not overdo it. When soft rot occurs in the bacterial bag, reduce the temperature of the bacterial period, pierce the hole in the bag wall, dehumidify and increase oxygen, appropriately prolong the germicidal time, and let the hyphae penetrate into the material.

Burning bacteria

First, the temperature in the culture material reached 35 ℃, the strain did not germinate due to high temperature culture, or the germination ability was weak, the mycelium growth stagnated, the vitality decreased, and gradually yellowed, atrophied, autolyzed, and finally rotted bag. Burning bacteria is a physiological disease which is easy to occur in summer and autumn cultivation.

2. Prevention and control measures (1) the culture room should have good ventilation conditions, and the stacking mode and layer of the bacterial bag should be adjusted according to the air temperature, the material temperature and the temperature in the bag, so that the room temperature and material temperature are not high. (2) Scientific management. Control the bacteria temperature at 20 ℃ ~ 25 ℃, pour the bag and turn the pile in time, ventilate, control the humidity of the environment, cultivate in dark light, do a good job of shading to prevent direct sunlight. (3) it is found that the burning bacteria should take remedial measures in time, if the bacteria bag is not contaminated and the inoculation block has been burned, it can be re-inoculated; if the burning bacteria is lighter and the mycelium can resume growth, it should be ventilated and cooled to make the mycelium grow healthily; if the burning bacteria is serious, the culture material is polluted and deteriorated, it is best to use the material for clinker cultivation.

Slug

Slug, also known as Snotlout and armyworm, is a kind of mollusk. Mainly to bite the fruiting body of Pleurotus ostreatus, you can directly eat mushroom buds, young mushrooms or mature fruiting bodies, and leave feces and white mucus marks near the affected parts.

Prevention and control methods: keep the mushroom farm clean, remove dead branches, rotten leaves and weeds, so that slugs have no place to hide; use the habit of slugs to go out day and night, dusk and rainy days for artificial capture; sprinkle lime powder or spray dilute salt water in places frequented by slugs, or spray 0.3% sodium pentachlorophenol solution 0.5%, to drive and prevent slugs from invading.

Gall mosquito

First, the morphological characteristics of the adult head tip body is small, the body length is about 1 mm. The larva is 3 mm long, white at first and orange or beige when it is ripe.

Second, the symptom larvae bite the hyphae and make the hyphae decline. Biting the mushroom buds can make the mushroom buds die and the young mushrooms are underdeveloped. Harm the stalk, fold and cap, so that the mushroom body dried up and died.

Third, prevention and control measures (1) adopt standard mushroom house or plastic greenhouse and install screen. Coordinate temperature, humidity, light and qi. (2) keep the mushroom inside and outside clean and hygienic, sterilize the culture material at high temperature, expose to the sun, accumulate and ferment, and kill eggs and larvae. (3) during the peak period of adult insects, mosquito repellent is used and black light is used to trap and kill adults. (4) Chemical prevention and control. Fenvalerate can be used to spray.

Eye fungus mosquito

First, the morphological characteristics of the adult is small, dark brown, with a body length of 2 to 4 mm. The larva has a black head and a milky white body. The pupae are white at first and then turn yellowish brown.

Second, the harmful symptom larvae can bite off and eat all the hyphae in the culture material, resulting in "sterilization", blackening the material surface and turning it into a loose slag. The fruiting body yellowed, dried up and died.

Third, prevention and control measures (1) adopt standard mushroom house or plastic greenhouse and install screen. Coordinate temperature, humidity, light and qi. (2) keep the mushroom inside and outside clean and hygienic, sterilize the culture material at high temperature, expose to the sun, accumulate and ferment, and kill eggs and larvae. (3) during the peak period of adult insects, mosquito repellent is used and black light is used to trap and kill adults. (4) Chemical prevention and control. Fenvalerate can be used to spray.

Flea fly

First, the morphological characteristics of the adult are black or dark brown, with a small head and large chest, and a body length of 4mm to 5mm. The larvae are maggot-shaped, the newly hatched larvae are white or yellow-white, the body is small, and the length of the mature larvae is about 4 mm.

Second, the symptom larva harms the culture material, mycelium and fruiting body, which makes the hyphae atrophy and decay, the mushroom buds wither and rot, and excrete toxic substances, so that the hyphae are inhibited and the fruiting bodies are damaged.

Third, prevention and control measures (1) adopt standard mushroom house or plastic greenhouse and install screen. Coordinate temperature, humidity, light and qi. (2) keep the mushroom inside and outside clean and hygienic, sterilize the culture material at high temperature, expose to the sun, accumulate and ferment, and kill eggs and larvae. (3) during the peak period of adult insects, mosquito repellent is used and black light is used to trap and kill adults. (4) Chemical prevention and control. It can be sprayed with fenvalerate.