Cultivation period and method of Taiwan Indian jujube

The first period is usually planted in February-March (the frost-free area in the south can be planted earlier in December-February), the survival rate is high, the growth is good, and can blossom and bear fruit in the same year. After the fruit was harvested in the following year, the fine varieties were grafted from February to March.

(2) the appropriate dense planting density can be as follows: (1) 3m × 4m ·666.7m ~ 2 55 plants, (2) 3m × 5m × 5m ~ 2 666.7m ~ 2 44 plants, and after 3 years, it can be changed into 6m × 4m and 6m × 5m.

(3) to implement mixed planting or interplanting because the maturation rate of pistil stigma (with post-maturity) of Indian jujube is different from that of stamen pollen, it is necessary to plant two other varieties as pollination trees when planting main varieties. Pollination trees should choose varieties with large amount of pollen and high pollen germination rate, and varieties that blossom in the morning and blossom in the afternoon. According to the investigation, Huangguan and Biyun bloom in the afternoon (3 ~ 4 o'clock), and other known varieties bloom in the morning (9 ~ 10:00). When mixed planting, one pollination tree can be interplanted every 6-7 trees, or a row of pollinated trees can be planted every 6-7 rows.

Shaping and pruning

The side branches of Indian jujube are oblique and need to be pruned frequently to maintain a good tree structure and make the tree ventilated and transparent, so as to reduce the occurrence of diseases and insect pests and improve fruit quality. Indian jujube needs to be renewed and grafted every year to constantly improve its varieties. Pruning can be divided into the following three types: 5.1Trunk renewal and pruning of annual young trees, pruning off the ground at 30~60cm, selecting 3 or 4 lateral branches with strong growth and uniform distribution as main branches, and inducing them to the square with bamboo poles, each main branch forming a happy shape, forming rib-like lateral branches interactively, the new shoots on the lateral branches can become annual fruiting branches and blossom and bear fruit in the axils of the lateral leaves of the fruiting branches. Remove useless buds at any time during the growth period, and properly cut off dense branches, overgrown branches and slender branches to facilitate ventilation and light in the canopy. After two years old, the trunk was renewed and grafted from February to March every year after fruit harvest; the trunk was sawed or grafted at the 5~10cm off the ground, leaving a new shoot with good growth and proper position as the new trunk of the current year, and the rest of the buds were cut off to make the new main branches grow healthily, and the young trees of the same year were pruned later.

Another method is to prune the previous year's main branch 1.5m every spring, cut off both sides of the main branch, peel the skin in a ring at the base of the main branch about 30cm off the ground, leave a strong bud close to the trunk under the peeling, remove the excess bud, guide the new shoot of the bud and tie it to the old main branch, so that it can grow and develop into a new main branch of the same year. On the other hand, the old main branch naturally forms the support of the new main branch. In general, the old main branch can be sawed off in the fruit harvest period after being used continuously for two years.

Long shoot pruning some fruit growers in Taiwan blossom early, leaving the main branches 1.0-1.5 m long after fruit harvest, and the rest of the branches are sawed off except for scaffolds. After growing lateral branches, leave 50cm to cut off and let them sprout branchlets and bear spikes in the axils of branchlets and leaves. In this method, special attention should be paid to the cultivation of strong fruiting branches, otherwise it will lead to low fruiting rate and affect fruit quality. However, the plant can blossom from April to May, produce earlier, and still blossom and bear fruit one after another from August to October.

After the trunk is renewed and pruned every year, the branches grow vigorously, and the main branches are pruned properly in June to make them sprout and branch. however, the cross branches and overdense branches should be cut off, and the branches with too low fruit position should be cut off from the apex, so as to keep the orchard well ventilated and sunny.

Fertilized Indian jujube is deeply renewed and pruned every year, so more fertilizer must be applied to restore the crown to its original size.

In the period of fertilization and the first year of fertilizer application, fertilization should be applied frequently with thin fertilizer and more organic fertilizer (compost, rotten chicken manure, etc.). In the shoot growth period, N, P and K are all important and need more N fertilizer, and the proportion of P and K fertilizer should be increased before flowering. After the second year, the annual fertilization period is generally divided into three times: April (after grafting survival or after shoot regeneration), July-August (before full flowering) and October-November (early fruit harvest). Four-year-old Indian jujube needs more N and K fertilizer, and the proportion of N, P and K is about 4 ∶ 2 ∶ 5. Before the first fertilization, each plant is combined with mature organic fertilizer 5~8kg to maintain the growth of new shoots.

Plants with too much extra-root topdressing should be foliar sprayed with urea, potassium dihydrogen phosphate and a small amount of trace elements to improve jujube fruit quality.

Prevention and treatment of element deficiency Indian jujube planted on acidic soil or sandy soil is prone to magnesium deficiency and boron deficiency, so measures should be taken to prevent and cure it.

When the symptoms of magnesium deficiency and prevention and treatment of magnesium deficiency, yellowing appeared between the veins of the old leaves, and then gradually expanded to the whole leaf, the veins remained green, and when the magnesium deficiency was serious, the branches of the old leaves were yellow. The following methods can be used for prevention and control: orchards with severe magnesium deficiency apply more organic fertilizer; orchards with severe magnesium deficiency apply 15kg magnesium sulfate per 666.7m2 per year; when magnesium deficiency is found during flowering, 0.5% magnesium sulfate can be sprayed every 7 to 10 days.

When the symptoms of boron deficiency and its prevention and treatment, the top of the shoot stopped growing, the young leaves were deformed, the terminal tip withered, and the veins of the parietal leaves yellowed and fell off. The pulp at the top of the fruit is corked and browned, forming a cavity, resulting in hardening of the pulp, deterioration of flavor and loss of commercial value. Boron deficiency may occur when the boron content in the soil is below 0.1mg/kg or the boron content in the tree is below 2mg/kg. The preventive measures are as follows: from the beginning of flowering to the stopping period of fruit drop, 500 times of water-soluble boron (more than 66% available boron) or 0.2% boric acid 0.3% boric acid (concentration 99%) plus 0.3% raw lime solution are applied to the leaves, once every 14 to 20 days, a total of 4 times; after fruit harvest, 20g borax is applied to each plant, and more can be applied in areas with severe boron deficiency; and more organic fertilizer is applied.

Diseases and insect pests and their control

The main diseases are powdery mildew (harmful to new shoot leaves and fruits) and ring spot (harmful to leaves). Control methods: powdery mildew was sprayed with 19.5% Baifenke wettable powder 1000 times or 80% wettable sulfur powder 1000 times, once every 7 to 10 days, and wheel spot disease was sprayed with 1000 times of 70% methyl topiramate wettable powder once a week for 3 times in a row, and the fallen leaves were burned.

(2) there are more than 20 kinds of pests, such as leaf leeches, leafhoppers, shell insects, coffee bark moths, poisonous moths and so on. Common insect pests: ① leaf curl, which can be sprayed with 1500002000 times EC, 3000 times EC and 3000 times of trichlorfon. ② poisonous moth (caterpillar) can be sprayed with 1000 times of dichlorvos or 5000 times of deltamethrin EC. ③ scale insects were sprayed with 500g / 1000x EC, malathion EC and omethoate EC at the peak stage of low instar larvae. ④ leaf mites were sprayed with 1000 times of 25% imidophos and 20% dicofol.

In recent years, the cultivation of Indian jujube in Taiwan began to use net-room cultivation in order to reduce the pesticide residue in the fruit, and achieved good results. In addition to the diseases still need to be sprayed in the net room cultivation, only mites were found in the pests, which greatly saved the pesticide dosage and labor cost. aiming at the mites in the net room, the experiment was carried out to release lacewings for biological control, which was initially successful.

Puerperal regulation

The flourishing period of Taiwan Indian jujube is from December to February, and the yield period is too concentrated, resulting in the phenomenon that the fruit is cheap and harms farmers. If the yield period is adjusted from September to March, the fruit can be staggered for about 7 months before and after harvest, so as to increase the income of fruit farmers. The measures are as follows:

8.1 use early or late-maturing species such as early-maturing pear jujube, special dragon species, meat dragon species, and late-maturing varieties Biyun, Hongyun, Jinche, Huangguan and so on. Teilong and Meat Dragon are the first choice for the regulation of production period because their fruits are not astringent.

8.2 by using regional climate differences and renewal pruning to adjust the yield period in Dashe area, the branches and branchlets were removed in late January, or about 1m of the main branch was left. The early-maturing variety Lizai jujube was grafted in the early and middle of February, so that the yield date could be harvested earlier in mid-September. In Yanchao area, it was renewed and pruned in the middle of February, and the mid-and late-maturing varieties were grafted from late February to early March, which could delay the harvest until late March.

8.3 the appropriate period of night light for early delivery is 120-130 days after trunk renewal (about late June), with the formation of bud visible to the naked eye. A 40w fluorescent lamp was set in the middle of every 2 trees above 1 m above the canopy for 40 days, and the fruit matured 45 days earlier under 12 hours of light every day, 40 hours and 35 hours earlier after 9 hours and 6 hours of light exposure, and the fruit quality of light treatment was not different from that without light in the same period, and the yield could be increased.

Other considerations

1 it is appropriate to build a garden in a shelter, and wind-proof facilities should be provided in areas with serious wind and cold, such as shelterbelt, which can increase the rate of fruit setting.

(2) pollination trees are arranged in the orchard, which have high affinity with each other, such as planting Thai jujube among species of Biyun, planting species of Biyun among species of Meat Dragon, etc.

3 because the branches of Indian jujube were soft in wood and could not bear the weight of the fruit, after high yield, the fruit often fell to the ground or broken branches, so it was necessary to set up a bracket in time. Indian jujube is a shallow-rooted fruit tree, and it is often hit by typhoons in the flowering season. therefore, it is very important to set up a scaffold.

(4) Indian jujube should keep the soil dry and not irrigated one month before flowering and young fruit stage; only when the diameter of young fruit reaches 1.5cm, the soil should be irrigated to keep the soil moist, and the orchard soil should be kept moist in other periods.

5 because of the large amount of fruit, Indian jujube should timely remove young fruit, disease, insect, malformed fruit and so on, and it is appropriate to leave one fruit on the fruiting branch; in addition, all the fruits after Frosts Descent should be removed to avoid the consumption of nutrients and affect the early fruit growth.

(6) Indian jujube is prone to budding and natural hybridization, thus producing new varieties. Attention should be paid to planting quality, screening and grafting every year in order to eliminate old varieties.