Common Feed for Pigs-Feed Additives

Feed additives refer to those small or trace substances added to formula feed in addition to common feed to meet the nutritional needs of animal growth, reproduction and production or for some special purpose. Its purpose is to strengthen the nutritional value of the diet or to meet the special needs of aquaculture production, such as health care, promoting growth, increasing appetite, preventing feed deterioration, preserving the activity of some substances in feed, destroying toxic components in feed, improving the quality of feed and animal products, improving culture environment, and so on. In a broad sense, feed additives can be divided into two categories: nutritional additives and non-nutritional additives.

(1) nutritional feed additives

1. Amino acid additive pig feed is mainly plant feed, and the most lacking essential amino acids are lysine and methionine. Therefore, the main amino acid additives for pigs are lysine additive and methionine additive. These two kinds of amino acid additives can be divided into L-type and D-type. Pigs can only use L-lysine, but both D-type and L-methionine can be used. In the specific use, we should pay attention to three problems: first, add an appropriate amount. There should be a certain limit for adding synthetic amino acids to reduce the level of crude protein in diet. Generally, the level of crude protein is not less than 14% in the early stage of growth (60 kg) and not less than 12% in the later stage. Second, it should be cost-effective. Such as the addition of synthetic amino acids after the diet price is too high, the economy is not cost-effective, there is no practical significance. Third, most of the synthetic amino acids are sold in the form of salt, such as L-lysine hydrochloride, whose purity is 98.5%, of which the amount of L-lysine accounts for only 78.8%. Attention should be paid to the conversion of potency when adding. For example, if 0.1% lysine is to be added to the feed, the amount of L-lysine hydrochloride in each ton of feed is 1 / 0.985 / 0.788 / 1.288kg (1228 g).

2. With the development of intensive vitamin additives, the supply of green feed is more and more limited all the year round. Therefore, vitamin additives are widely used in diets. The commonly used vitamin additives are vitamin A, vitamin D3, vitamin E, vitamin K3, B vitamins (choline chloride, nicotinic acid, pantothenic acid, biotin) and so on. In the production, the compound additive form is mostly used, and a variety of vitamins are added to the diet, the addition amount is 0.2%-0.3% for piglets and 0.1%-0.2% for fattening pigs. Attention should be paid to the interaction between vitamins when preparing multivitamins.

3. Trace element additives trace element additives are commonly used additives. You can buy feed grade from chemical stores (analytical purity or chemical purity is not necessary). At present, the main trace elements added in pig production in China are iron (Fe), copper (Cu), manganese (Mn), zinc (Zn), cobalt (Co), selenium (Se), iodine (I) and so on. The trace elements in feed are mineral salts, which are only required for an element (such as iron), not for mineral salts (ferrous sulfate). When used as an additive, we must pay attention to the following two points: first, fully crush and evenly mix. Adding the full price material must be diluted first by limestone powder, and then mixed; second, the actual content. Different products have different chemical formulas and different impurity contents. Attention should be paid to the actual content of this element in the products. The contents of some elements in different chemical structures are different, and the quantity of mineral salts should be calculated according to the amount of elements in mineral salts.

(2) non-nutritive feed additive although non-nutritive feed additive is not an inherent nutritional ingredient in feed and has no nutritional value itself, it plays a special and obvious role in maintaining body health, promoting growth and improving feed utilization rate.

At present, there are many kinds of this kind of additives, and their applications are not consistent in practice. This additive should not be understood as necessary for formula feed, but it is an important means to achieve a specific effect.

The main results are as follows: 1. Bacteriostatic and growth promoting agents are antibiotics, bacteriostatic drugs, arsenic preparations, high copper preparations and so on. The main function of these substances is to inhibit the reproduction of harmful microorganisms in the digestive tract of pigs, promote the absorption capacity of digestive tract, improve the effect of pigs on nutrients, or affect the metabolic rate of pigs, so as to promote growth.

Antibiotics have been used as feed additives for more than 50 years. Practice has proved that antibiotics have a certain effect on protecting animal health, promoting growth and improving feed utilization rate. The effect is remarkable especially when the culture environment is poor and the feed level is low. Since the 1960s, the use of antibiotics as additives has aroused controversy. First of all, there is the problem of drug resistance of pathogenic bacteria, because the long-term use of antibiotics will make some bacteria develop drug resistance, and these bacteria can pass drug resistance to pathogenic microorganisms, thus affecting the prevention and treatment of human and animal diseases. The second is the residue of antibiotics in animal products. Meat and other animal products with residual antibiotics can not be completely "passivated" in the process of food cooking, affecting human health. Third, some antibiotics have mutagenic, teratogenic and carcinogenic effects.

Therefore, when using antibiotic feed additives, we should pay attention to the following:

First, it is best to choose animal-specific varieties that do not produce drug resistance with less absorption and residue.

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