Main cultivation techniques of Pleurotus ostreatus

(1) preparation of cultivation site at present, there are two main ways to cultivate Pleurotus ostreatus in Guangdong: indoor bed cultivation and bag cultivation. The mushroom room for indoor bed planting can be rebuilt from ordinary house, pig house or warehouse, or a simple mushroom room can be built. The bed frame can be built in the room, and the bed frame method can refer to the specification of the bed frame in straw mushroom room. Plastic bag cultivation can be carried out indoors or under plastic sheds or other scaffolding, without the need for a bed frame. All cultivation fields are preferably cement floors or covered with thin film. It must be cleaned before cultivation, and disinfection measures should be taken to the sites rebuilt by old mushroom houses or pig houses and warehouses, fumigation with sulfur, fumigation with nail waking or spraying lime water.

(2) the technological process of indoor bedstead cultivation of Pleurotus ostreatus: raw material preparation, → soaking, → stacking, fermentation, → paving, → disinfection, → sowing, → mycelium management, → mushroom production period management, → harvesting → cleaning material →, cleaning mushroom room. (1) soaking and stacking fermentation soaks the cottonseed shell or waste cotton with about 2% lime water, fishes it and covers it with a thin film to ferment for 2 to 3 days. Pad the wood or bamboo under the pile to drain the excess moisture. (2) mix the culture material well before laying and disinfecting the material, control the water content of 60%-65%, spray water when the material is dry, spread out and evaporate the excess water when the material is wet. The laying material is about 7 cm thick, covered with thin film, heated by steam or heated by coal stove to 65 ℃ and kept for 4 ~ 6 hours. Stop heating, Bai ran cooling for 24 hours, open the doors and windows for ventilation, wait for the temperature to drop below 28 ℃ to sow seeds. (3) the sowing amount is about 10% of the dry material weight. The sowing method is on demand. After sowing, sprinkle a layer of bacteria on the material surface, and cover it with film after sowing. Mycelium stage management: keep the material temperature above 15 ℃ and below 28 ℃ after sowing, check frequently within a week, and deal with it in time when contamination or non-germination of mycelium is found. When pollution is found, the contaminated materials should be dug up in time and sprinkled with a small amount of lime powder; if the bacteria do not germinate, they should be replanted in time. Generally, about 20 days after sowing, the hyphae can grow all over the material surface and grow to the bottom of the bed. The primordium will be formed in about 10 days. The film can not be uncovered during the whole mycelial growth period, but the mushroom room should be properly ventilated. (4) the primordium began to form 30 ~ 40 days after mushroom production period management and harvest and sowing. At this time, the ventilation rate should be increased, the film should be removed, the scattered light should be increased, and the air relative humidity should be controlled at about 90%. Generally, the primordium can be harvested about 7 days after its formation. When picking mushrooms, the whole cluster is usually picked. After picking a tide of mushrooms, reduce ventilation, generally about 10 days the second tide of mushrooms began to form. At this time, in addition to paying attention to ventilation and giving appropriate scattered light, the amount of spraying water should be increased appropriately. Generally, 3-4 tide mushrooms can be picked, and the whole growth period is about 70 days. At the end of cultivation, clear the culture material out of the mushroom room in time and clean it up.

(3) technological process of bag cultivation of Pleurotus ostreatus: preparation of culture materials → bagged → sterilization → cooling → inoculation → mycelium stage management → mushroom production management → mushroom collection. The main results are as follows: (1) the preparation of culture materials (cottonseed hull, miscellaneous wood bran, rice straw, etc.) (preheated and fermented for 2 ~ 5 days. According to the raw material 90%, paving material 10% (wheat 5%, gypsum powder 2%, compound fertilizer 1%, lime 2%) ingredients, mix well, control water content 60%, pH7.5. Add 0.1% carbendazim when the temperature is high. (2) after the bagging material is prepared, it can be bagged. The specifications of plastic bags are generally 22 cm ~ 24 cm wide and 45 cm long. Seal one end of the bag first, then fill it with material, and seal the mouth of the bag after filling it. (3) Sterilization and cooling put the bags filled with materials into the sterilization pot for sterilization. When sterilizing with high pressure steam, the method is the same as that of seed production. Another method is commonly used pressure sterilization, brick, cement earth stove, iron pot above the stove into a square pool-shaped structure, the inner diameter is generally 1 meter × 1 meter × 1.5 meters, the side leaves a door with a good sealing degree, and is equipped with a 3-layer bed frame. Plastic bags are placed during sterilization. When sterilizing, first add water to the pot, then stack the bag of materials on the bedstead in the stove, seal the door, heat it with high heat, start the time when the temperature in the stove rises to 100 ℃, and stop heating for about 12 hours. After cooling, move the bag into the inoculation room. (4) the inoculation method is similar to that of cultivated species. Generally, each bottle of 750 ml cultivated species can be inoculated with 8 bags of culture material (both ends should be inoculated). Seal the bag after vaccination. (5) the mycelial stage is managed indoors or in the greenhouse, and the border is cut on the ground, with a width of about 35 cm, a height of about 10 cm, and no limit in length. Brick can be used, or clay can be used to cover the film. Then put the planted plastic bags on top and stack them layer by layer, usually about 6 layers. After the pile is finished, the temperature in the pile should be checked frequently. Generally, the temperature should not exceed 30 ℃. If the temperature is too high, the stacking height should be reduced and the temperature should be properly ventilated. Generally, it is about 25 ℃, and the whole bag can be grown in 20 ~ 25 days. Young mushrooms began to form about 30 days after inoculation. (6) during the mushroom production period, when there are young mushrooms, open the bag in time, increase the ventilation appropriately, increase the air relative humidity to about 90%, spray water or fog 3 times a day or 4 times. Generally, it can be harvested after 5 ~ 10 days. After picking the first tide of mushrooms, the second tide of mushrooms can be produced in about 10 days. Generally can receive 3-4 tide mushrooms, the whole cycle is about 70 days. (7) the cover of Pleurotus ostreatus is basically unfolded, and the color changes from dark to light, which is the best harvest time for Pleurotus ostreatus before the steamed buns are ejected. When picking mushrooms, the whole clump of mushrooms is usually picked, and the impurities at the base are cut off with a knife. Pleurotus ostreatus in Guangdong is mainly sold freshly. (4) the main diseases and insect pests and their control are the most serious pollution of miscellaneous bacteria, and the common miscellaneous bacteria are Trichoderma, green mold, yellow mold, Rhizopus and so on. The main prevention and control methods are as follows: the materials without mildew are selected, the culture materials should be stacked and fermented and sterilized, the cultivation sites should be strictly disinfected, and those found to be contaminated should be cleaned out in time. Proper ventilation to prevent excessive temperature and humidity. Physiological diseases often occur in the cultivation of ① mushrooms: part of Pleurotus ostreatus dies: when there are too many mushrooms, some will die, mainly due to undernutrition and "starvation"; premature water spraying or too high temperature and humidity will also cause mushrooms to die. ② Pleurotus ostreatus: it is often caused by poor ventilation and high carbon dioxide concentration. ③ young mushroom withered: mainly because the culture material was too dry or the air humidity was too low. The main pests in the cultivation of Pleurotus ostreatus are mushroom flies and so on. Generally speaking, the method of controlling miscellaneous bacteria can better control pests such as mushroom flies. At the same time, try to prevent the plastic bag from being damaged in the process of moving.