Feeding and management of commercial donkeys for pollution-free meat in captivity

With the improvement of people's living standards, the demand for animal food is gradually diversified, high-quality, and green, donkey meat and water and other products are very popular. High protein, low fat, delicious taste, can cook a variety of dishes. Since ancient times, there has been a saying that dragon meat is in the sky and donkey meat is underground in China, which shows that people have long recognized donkey products. Donkey meat restaurants can be seen everywhere in some large, small and medium-sized cities, but there are no tables with hundreds of surnames. The reasons are: first, there are too few resources; second, there are few large-scale aquaculture; and third, the benefits of @ # @ 249 farming have not yet been recognized. According to the current breeding volume can only meet 30% of the market. The prospect of developing donkey industry is very considerable, with low breeding cost, a wide range of feed sources, straw, straw, leaves and alfalfa and so on. Farmers have better conditions for raising donkeys, 95% of the feed can be produced by themselves, and the cost of raising will be reduced, which is a very good sideline. Raising donkeys is also a good project for urban workers and demobilized soldiers in cities and towns. It can turn straw and forage into meat and return it to the field after belly. It is a high-quality farm fertilizer and can grow green pollution-free vegetables and grain. Donkey is a very good breeding livestock, strong disease resistance, small food intake, not picky food, feed consumption is about 1/2 of the horse. If you don't love your job, get out of it when you have enough to eat. Heat-resistant, but cold-resistant is poor.

Selection, breeding and feeding of a kind of donkey

1.1 selection and purchase

It is best to choose Dezhou donkey in Shandong Province, which is a large donkey breed, which can be used for meat donkey fattening and delicious meat.

1.1.1 male adult donkey has a height of 1.36m, a length of 1.36m, a chest circumference of 1.49m, a tube circumference of 0.17m and a weight of 270kg. The female has a height of 1.3m, a length of 1.3m, a chest circumference of 1.49m, a tube circumference of 0.16m and a weight of 245kg.

1.1.2 the reproductive performance is generally 12-15 months of sexual maturity, 25 months of mating, the average sexual cycle is 21-23 days, the estrous period lasts 5-7 days, and the pregnancy period is 360 days. The postpartum period of first estrus was 15 days, and 12-16 pups were born all their lives, and the foals were born with a weight of 22~35kg.

1.2 selection and breeding

Among the self-propagated donkey foals, excellent donkeys are selected year by year as backup donkeys. You must observe them carefully and choose them carefully. It is necessary to choose those with wide and deep chest, round arch of muscles and bones, straight back and waist, full abdomen, obvious joints, correct posture, stout limbs, eyes, mental waves, more developed male precursors, normal testicular development, fuller female rear drive, and well-developed breasts. Continue to expand the population and sustainable development.

1.3 feeding

The breeding of donkeys should also be very careful, the females should not be overfed in the early stage, and the males must be fat and energetic in preparation for breeding. Artificial insemination is preferred, but the difference with other livestock is that only fresh semen can be used instead of frozen semen, so as to improve the utilization rate and conception rate of donkeys. Places with grazing conditions can graze for about 2 hours a day in summer and autumn, but absolutely not "run green". Grazing times and time are determined according to the air temperature in winter.

Female late pregnancy to supplement carrot 100kg, labor must pay attention to care, it is best to find a professional midwifery to ensure that accidents do not occur.

Group feeding: breeding donkeys and fattening donkeys are raised in groups, males and females are raised separately, and put together when they are in estrus. The blood relationship between male and female donkeys should be far away, and the quality of offspring will be good only after continuous improvement. If it is inbred all the time, the offspring will continue to degenerate.

Separate the weaned foal from the fattening donkey.

2 feeding cost

The average birth weight of foal is 28.5kg, scientific management and meticulous feeding of newborn foal can reach more than 35kg, lactation period is 60 days, fattening period is 120 days, special grade can grow to 130kg, grade 1, 115kg, grade 2, level 105kg, 95kg, average 110kg, fattening period is 120d, concentrate feed 45kg (including cake and meal 12kg) other grains such as corn, barley, @ # @ 245mm @, wheat bran, salt 0.45kg You can also use special fattening donkey concentrated feed, supplement vitamins and trace elements, etc., leave the foal need to supplement the carrot 25kg, roughage 500kg, mainly corn straw and silage, feeding rice straw should be crushed, kneaded, fine grass fine material. The total cost of feed is about 125 yuan.

Agricultural products with more land or pastures with land can grow some alfalfa. This grass is a perennial leguminous plant with rich nutrition and good palatability. it is the best variety of forage grasses. It is rich in a variety of nutrients, protein content, hay 14.9, dried leaves 22.5. The forage value is extremely high. American Golden Queen, Canadian reindeer, Gongnong No.1, Jiamusi and other varieties can be planted in the north. This variety has strong cold tolerance, overwintering rate of more than 90%, and can harvest 3 crops a year. In the south, other high-quality varieties can harvest 5-6 crops a year, Rain Water normal or water-saving irrigation per mu of fresh grass 7500kg hay 1~1.5kg, plus some artificial planting of high-quality forage grass will not increase much cost.

3 feeding and drinking water

According to the habit of eating less, not loving the trough and getting out of the trough when you are full, you should feed it on time, especially at night, so that you can't cope with it. Donkey is a horse animal, there is a folk legend that horses do not eat night grass fat. To use soaked soybean cake, soybean meal, corn flour water mix, summer must look at the trough feeding, master the amount of feed, to clean the trough, so as not to eat the rest of the spoilage. It is easy to thaw when the rest of winter is left. Drink water in time, be sure to drink clean water, and drink warm water in winter.

4 feeding and management

4.1 @ # of the enclosure and layout

Large and medium-sized breeding sites should be located far away from villages, large and small roads, upwind, no water pollution, hilly areas should be built on Chaoyang slope, good lighting, and the length should be determined according to the actual feeding quantity, with a width (span) of 3.0m to 3.2m, north wall 1.65m, south wall 1.80m, and each donkey occupies an average greenhouse area of 2 square meters. Farms and farmers' houses in the courtyard must be built due to the south and north, with doors and windows facing the sun, and there are two north windows, the size of which depends on the length of the house, which is best opened at both ends, blocked in winter and ventilated in summer. In winter, the windows should be sealed with plastic sheeting, and two 0.5m × 0.5m skylights that can be opened and closed at any time should be installed on both sides of the donkey house, so that the temperature, humidity and ventilation can be properly adjusted in winter, and the outdoor activity area of the donkey should be set aside according to the amount of raising. Donkeys should try to avoid strenuous activities outside the house. Outdoor activities should be reduced as much as possible in winter, and grazing should not be allowed during the fattening period, so as not to affect weight gain due to energy consumption. The feeding trough must be placed on the sunny side, the east-west trend, and scientific farming must change the old customs.

4.2 epidemic prevention

Epidemic prevention is the most important link in the aquaculture industry, which is directly related to the success or failure of the cause. According to the requirements of epidemic prevention, timely vaccination (horse-borne poverty vaccine) repels worms twice, and the feces in the house must be cleared and washed every morning, and the feeding trough should be washed at the same time. The fecal storage place should be far away from the enclosure, and be in the limelight to maintain the environmental hygiene inside and outside the enclosure. To kill flies, mosquitoes and gadflies, you can kill flies and gadflies with 4% forlin solution plus sugar and rice that flies like to eat, and rats can use rat poison, but donkeys must not be mistakenly eaten, dead rats can be burned immediately, and rat holes can be blocked immediately when they are found. Disinfect thoroughly regularly to prevent the occurrence of infectious diseases.

4.3 Institutional standardization

It is necessary to formulate standardized feeding system, epidemic prevention system, grazing system and disinfection system, and carry out scientific feeding.

5 benefit analysis

The average weight of 180 days is about 110kg, about net meat 50kg can be produced, wholesale 14 yuan / kg is about 700 yuan, skin and water are sold about 260 yuan, a total of 960 yuan, minus 200 yuan of feed, wages, water and electricity fees, vaccine fees, 180 days per donkey can get a profit of about 760 yuan, retail profit will be high. Gradually expand the scale, after slaughtering, quarantine qualified meat, water fine processing, fine packaging, to supermarkets and large and medium-sized shopping malls to sell, the profit will be higher. Live donkeys are also available for sale at a price of about 650,700 yuan. Donkey skin is a high-quality material for tanning, which can be used as clothing, leather shoes, bags and other products, as well as the main raw material of traditional Chinese medicine Ejiao. The male reproductive system can also be used as medicine.