Comprehensive prevention and treatment of branchitis in soft-shelled turtle

Since the intensive culture of soft-shelled turtle, because the research of soft-shelled turtle disease lags behind the production, there are a variety of hidden dangers of diseases. Among them, the most harmful and difficult to treat soft-shelled turtle branchial inflammation has become more and more popular in recent years. The loss caused by this disease in my presence accounts for about 50% of the total loss every year. The disease occurs repeatedly in parent and adult soft-shelled turtles, and now it has spread to the whole production process.

1 main symptoms and pathogens

The disease is mainly characterized by systemic edema and paleness of the floor. Most of the body surface is intact, and a few have scabies and rotten skin. Some male soft-shelled turtles have exposed genitals, others float on the water, dive into the water when they catch it, come back up later, and die soon. There are also a small number of hemorrhagic type, put into the plate to struggle, nose and mouth bleeding, and soon die. These soft-shelled turtles all have a common feature, that is, they are all physically good, thick and not thin. Anatomical observation showed that the intestines were empty and mostly milky white. The Gill glands are pale and eroded with secretions and the liver is yellowish or grayish.

The disease had no obvious epidemic timing in the greenhouse culture stage, and occurred in the whole culture process, but slightly more in the young and adult stage. The parent soft-shelled turtles cultured at room temperature are more common in May and June, and there are also more in September and October, which are not well cultivated after delivery.

At present, there is no accurate conclusion about soft-shelled turtle branchial inflammation. However, there is a basic consensus from production and research, that is, it is likely to be a virus. At present, it is reported that it can be divided into three types: hemorrhagic type, mixed type and hemorrhagic type. According to the author's observation, the most persuasive and representative type of symptom should be blood loss type. Because most diseases such as enteritis, bleeding and large neck have similarities or similarities with one or two types of symptoms, it is difficult to make a preliminary diagnosis according to these symptoms. In addition, in the production practice, the author can obtain obvious curative effect by using broad-spectrum antibiotics with strong sensitivity to the diseases related to hemorrhagic type. But for such as edema, whiteboard and other symptoms and diseases are helpless, sporadic or small number of deaths are more. Basic control can only be achieved after comprehensive diagnosis and treatment.

2 etiological analysis

According to the conditions of the occurrence and transmission of the disease, there is nothing more than the pathogen, the environment that is susceptible to infection and suitable for transmission. The interaction of the three leads to the occurrence of disease. As far as soft-shelled turtle disease itself is concerned, there are a variety of pathogenic microorganisms in its living environment. Under the condition of good water quality and strong resistance of soft-shelled turtle, most of them are in a latent state. Once the water quality becomes bad, the body surface or internal system of soft-shelled turtle is damaged and other reasons (such as bite, various stress, etc.), these pathogenic microorganisms are activated, virulence is enhanced, and the number increases, which leads to the disease of soft-shelled turtle. In the current intensive culture, due to the consideration of cost and less water exchange, especially some ecological conditions do not meet the physiological needs of soft-shelled turtle, resulting in the decline of disease resistance. That's what happens in greenhouses with all-concrete structures. In the case of soft-shelled turtle branchitis itself, the disease is directly caused by pathogenic microorganisms. But it must go through a certain way to cause disease. The soft-shelled turtle in the greenhouse according to the author's observation, fresh water, good physique, usually good prevention work, rarely disease; on the contrary, those soft-bodied soft-shelled turtles with smelly water often get sick. In addition, soft-shelled turtles cultured at room temperature or changing the environment are also more likely to be infected with the disease. The author believes that the disease in these cases is mainly due to physical weakness after overwintering and affected by various stress factors in the environment. Therefore, the author believes that comprehensive prevention and treatment of this disease should be carried out according to various causes.

3 integrated prevention and control technology

3.1 Reform the mode of culture and change it from sand culture to sand-free culture. In the production practice, the author found that the soft-shelled turtle cultured without sand rarely suffered from the disease under the same conditions, and the soft-shelled turtle grew well and had a strong physique. This may be related to the maintenance of good water quality.

3.2 improve the environmental conditions of culture, use daylighting greenhouses as far as possible, introduce aquatic plants to purify water quality, strengthen indoor air circulation, etc., so as to rationalize the environmental conditions and meet the physiological needs of soft-shelled turtles as much as possible. In particularly sunny days, strong light has a certain inhibitory and killing effect on pathogenic microorganisms (especially viruses); at the same time, a dry environment is more favorable for soft-shelled turtles. For this reason, the outer film should be washed frequently, indoor aeration should not leak as far as possible, and keep indoor dry.

3.3 strengthen the regulation and control of water quality, specifically:

① increases oxygen, increases the power of aerator, prolongs the time of increasing oxygen, avoids excessive deposition of organic matter and spoils water quality. This point should be paid special attention to in production management.

② cultivates aquatic organisms and makes full use of the role of organisms to decompose organic matter and purify water quality. At the beginning, it should be introduced and cultivated, and an appropriate amount of water should be changed in the process of production so as to maintain the relative balance and stability of the biological community.

③ uses water quality disinfectants and modifiers scientifically and rationally according to water quality. If quicklime and bleach (or other disinfectants such as PV~ Ⅰ, etc.) are used alternately for about 7 days, satisfactory results can be obtained.

3.4 regular drug prevention and treatment

Because of the particularity of soft-shelled turtle branchial inflammation, it is different from other diseases in prevention and treatment. First of all, it is a viral disease, and the disease is irregular, and sometimes die while using medicine. The second is the long incubation period, such as the first year of illness will not be obvious until the spring and summer of the second year. Therefore, the prevention and treatment of the disease must be symptomatic, timely and effective. The author has achieved good results in production practice according to this principle, reducing the incidence of the disease from 50% (accounting for the total incidence) to 10%, which can obviously prevent and cure the disease within a certain course of treatment. The details are as follows: first drain about 2/3 of the old water in the disease pool, add new water and increase oxygen; at the same time, sprinkle pan-fried Banlangen, plantain and other traditional Chinese medicine juice into the pool according to a certain concentration. At the same time, it was sprinkled with virulent. It can be used two to three times according to the condition. While sprinkling drugs, the juices such as Radix Isatidis and other drugs such as virulent and ciprofloxacin are added to the feed. Feed to increase the proportion of fresh materials, generally fed for about 10 days at a time, according to the situation can be fed continuously for a course of treatment. The undiseased turtle pond was also given medicine to prevent it. Usually, one course of treatment per month can achieve a better preventive effect.

In addition, the author in the prevention and treatment of the disease at the same time, in the past more common scabies, red floor and other diseases, but also significantly reduced. Soft-shelled turtles also grow better. This may be related to the fact that there are both antiviral and antibacterial components in the prescription. And traditional Chinese medicine itself has a variety of functions, such as antibacterial, antiviral and conditioning.