Technical specification for cultivation of golden pear

Pear is one of the dominant fruit tree varieties in Wudang District, Guiyang City, with a pear orchard area of about 2300 hm2. The varieties are mainly Japanese pear system, such as Changshi Lang, this Spring and Autumn, Xiangnan and so on. In recent years, the introduction of golden pear in villages and towns in the north of this area has been successful. therefore, the author thinks that the main varieties of "double orchard" and the development of new orchard should be golden pear. The author summarized the cultivation and management techniques of Golden Pear, in order to provide more scientific cultivation and management technical regulations for standardizing the future development and management.

1 the economic value of variety characteristics

1.1 Variety characteristic Golden Pear belongs to the sand pear system, which was bred by the new high x in the early 1980s in South Korea and named in 1984. The fruit is round or oblong, the pericarp is yellowish green. After bagging, the pericarp is golden, the pericarp is thin and beautiful, the average weight of single fruit is 350g, the meat is tender, the juice is sweet, and the soluble solid content is more than 15%. It is the variety with the highest sugar content and excellent taste in sand pear system. The natural storage period is about 30 days and matures from the end of August to the beginning of September in the villages and towns in the north of the area. Golden pear mainly bears short fruit branches, and its branch growth is slightly weaker than that of Japanese pear system, and its branching rate is lower, and its other characteristics are the same as those of sand pear system.

1.2 Economic value 3-4 years old orchard, the yield per plant can reach 9kg, the output value is 90 yuan per plant. This variety is welcomed by the majority of consumers and has high promotion value and economic value.

2 requirements of environmental conditions

Golden pear is resistant to high temperature, humidity and cold resistance. However, in the flowering stage, it is very easy to frostbite flower organs in the environment of cold frost, low temperature and overcast rain, which hinders pollination and fertilization and leads to a reduction in yield. The requirement for soil is not too strict, sand and clay can be planted, and the sandy loam soil with deep, fertile and good drainage is the best. If it is too dry or insufficient fertilization, it will hinder the growth and development of branches and fruits as well as the formation of flower buds. In order to restrain the overgrowth of trees and promote the growth of flower buds, choose well-drained soil to plant golden pears as far as possible.

3 main cultivation and management techniques

3.1 Establishment and planting of the garden

3.1.1 planting on flat land. Planting golden pear should pay attention to drainage, it is best to dig a ditch for planting, there is no partition wall between plants, the length of the ditch depends on the topography, the width of the ditch is 1-1.2m, and the depth is 60-80cm. The method of digging ditches is to put aside the surface fertilizer soil and the bottom soil. When planting tree seedlings, the surface fertilizer soil was mixed with all kinds of fertilizers and returned to the bottom layer. After the seedlings were planted, the subsoil was backfilled on the surface, and the soil was matured year by year.

3.1.2 planting on sloping soil. For gentle slope soil, the planting of slope soil varies with topography and is planted according to row spacing. For the sloping soil with large slope, in order to preserve the soil and water of the orchard, it was first processed into a simple horizontal ladder soil, and then the fruit seedlings were planted according to the required plant spacing. The specifications of the tree planting pit are pit depth 60-80cm, pit bottom diameter 80cm, caliber 100cm. When digging the pit, the surface fertilizer soil and the bottom soil are still placed separately.

3.1.3 row spacing. Reasonable close planting and timely transplanting are advocated so as to improve the early yield. It was planted at 2m × 3m, its density was 165m / hm2; and 1.5m × 3m, and its density was 2220 / h2. When planted at 2.5m × 3m, its density was 1.335 hm2; planted according to 2.5mx4m, its density was 1005 hm2; planted according to 3mx3m, and its density was 1110 / hm2.

3.1.4 requirement of base fertilizer. During backfilling, 22,500 kg of rotten organic fertilizer (farm manure), calcium superphosphate (750kg), potassium sulfate compound fertilizer 450kg, ferrous sulfate 300kg, borax 750kg were applied and mixed with soil, and the topsoil was filled into the lower layer, backfilled to the surface 20cm, and irrigated to settle planting ditches or planting holes.

3.1.5 pollination varieties. According to the observation in recent years, the flowering period of golden pear is the same as that of Xiangnan Changshilang. The best pollination variety is southern Hunan, which can arrange 30,00045 plants per hectare.

3.1.6 colonization time. Planting is divided into winter planting and spring planting. Winter planting time from defoliation of pear seedlings to before the Spring Festival; spring planting from after the Spring Festival to before sprouting, winter planting is recommended (because winter planting is beneficial to improve the survival rate and promote root regeneration).

3.1.7 requirements for seedling quality. It is better to use one-year-old, virus-free, strong and elegant seedlings with developed roots. The diameter of the ground is 0.9-1.2cm, and the plant height is 80cm. Before planting, the roots should be soaked in clean water for about 12 hours, and then soaked in 10min with rooting powder.

3.2 Management techniques of young orchards

3.2.1 fixed dry. Dry immediately after planting. The height of the fixed stem was 45cm, and a central branch was selected in the second year, which was cut short from the plump bud of 70-80cm on the ground, and the fixed stem task was completed in 2 years.

3.2.2 carve buds. The branching ability of golden pear varieties is low, and the purpose of sprouting is to promote the emergence of more long branches in order to facilitate shaping and pruning in winter. The method of sprouting is to use a small hacksaw blade to start from the third bud under the cut mouth before sprouting in spring, cut a knife horizontally at the top of the 0.5-1cm at the top of the bud, reach to the xylem, carve 4 buds down successively, or use "Baozhibao" to spot the bud, the effect is also good.

3.2.3 Fertilizer and water management. The canopy can be formed quickly in the young forest orchard, mainly with leaf curtain. At this time, the fertilizer and water management of the orchard should be strengthened to meet the water demand of the tree. Topdressing was carried out three times in mid-May, mid-June and early-mid-August every year. Nitrogen fertilizer is the main fertilizer in the early stage, phosphorus and potassium fertilizer is the auxiliary fertilizer, and phosphorus and potassium fertilizer is the main fertilizer in the later stage, nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizer is combined with nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizer. Urea 0.1-0.2kg/ plant is applied every time to promote its growth, and topdressing should be combined with irrigation. Foliar topdressing should be combined with foliar topdressing for 4 times. Commonly used foliar fertilizers are 0.2% Mel 0.3% urea, 0.3% potassium dichlorophosphate and 0.2% Mel 0.3% borax.

3.2.4 plastic surgery and branch pulling. The golden pear tree type is mainly in the happy shape of three main branches. ① plastic surgery. In the first year, we should use short and fixed stem, dry high 40cm or so. That is to say, in the first year, 40cm was fixed and 4 new shoots were promoted, which were tied to the bamboo pole from the end of June to the first ten days of July, and the vertical angle with the trunk was 60 ~ 70 °, which promoted it to form flower buds and bear fruit in the coming year. When pruning in winter, the central branch was cut short at the fixed stem height 70-80cm, and in the coming year, the buds were carved at the 4 buds under the cut to promote the growth of branches. From the end of June to the first ten days of July, according to the method of the first year, three main branches should be selected according to different directions, moderately short, and the rest should be treated as auxiliary maintenance. When the main branches and lateral branches form a certain yield, the skirt branches under the main branches can be thinned year by year according to the situation. In this way, the vegetative growth and reproductive growth of the tree can be organically combined. Four side branches were left on each main branch, and the angle between the side branch and the main branch was 45 °. This kind of tree shape can basically maintain the top dominance of the main branch and maintain the subordinate relationship between the main branch and the lateral branch. ② pulls branches. The flower buds began to differentiate in the middle and last ten days of June. From late June to early July, bamboo poles can be used to bind and pull the branches to open the angle, with the angle of 60 °for the main branches and 70 °for the auxiliary branches to promote the differentiation of flower buds to facilitate the formation of flower buds and promote the formation of short fruit branches.

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