Pollution-free cultivation techniques of Lily (1)

Lilium is the general name of all species of Lilium in the subclass Liliaceae of Monocotyledons, and it is a perennial herbaceous crop. Because its underground bulb is made up of many scales, it is named "Lily".

Lily is not only a special vegetable in China, but also has high medicinal value; it has been a good medicine for people to cure diseases since ancient times. It has the effect of clearing lung and dryness, nourishing yin and clearing heat, tonifying spleen and stomach, clearing heart and mind, diuresis and laxation, relieving nameless swelling poison and hemostasis, and has good health care effect on human throat, lung, stomach, intestine and so on. According to research, lily glycoside A, glycoside B and other plant alkaloids in lily can inhibit the proliferation of cancer cells, and have obvious curative effect in leukemia, breast cancer, cervical cancer, nasopharyngeal carcinoma and acute gout.

There are nearly 100 varieties of lilies in the world. China is the country with the largest number of lily species and the center of the origin of lilies in the world. According to the survey, there are about 46 species and 18 varieties, accounting for more than half of the total number of lilies in the world.

The main places where lilies are cultivated in Jiangxi Province are Wanzai, Taihe, Yuanzhou, Gao'an, Fengcheng, Fenyi, Xinjian and other counties (cities and districts), among which Wanzai County and Taihe County have the largest cultivation area and the longest history.

The cultivated area of Wanzai County in 2001 is nearly 20,000 mu, and the main cultivated lily species are Longya lily, curly lily and single core lily, among which Longya lily has middle piece, high piece and big willow leaf, small willow leaf and so on.

I. growth habits

The local planting area is the dragon tooth lily, autumn planting (the following mainly refers to the dragon tooth lily). Like cool, humid climate and semi-shade environment, like fertile, humus-rich, well-drained, loose structure of sandy loam, slightly acidic soil is better. The temperature requirements of each growth stage are as follows: the monthly average temperature in the growing period is 10-28 ℃; the daily average temperature needs to pass steadily through 10 ℃ in the seedling stage; the aboveground stem grows fastest when the daily average temperature is] 6-24 ℃; when the daily average temperature is 24-29 ℃, it is the suitable temperature for bulb expansion; when the daily average temperature is lower than 5 ℃ or higher than 30 ℃, it is basically stagnant. Lily takes 280-330 days from sowing to harvest, which can be divided into five growth and development periods:

1. The period of sowing and emergence of seedlings is from sowing (September to October) to emergence of seedlings: (February to March of the following year) is called the stage of sowing and emergence of seedlings. The length of sowing and emergence period varies with variety, sowing time, cultivation conditions, heat preservation (plastic film, greenhouse, etc.) and temperature rise. It takes 140-170 days.

2. The seedling stage is called seedling stage from emergence to budding stage. The length of the emergence period also varies according to varieties and cultivation conditions, usually 50-80 days.

3. The flower bud stage is called the bud stage from the first flower to the last-the flower withered (if the bulb is cultivated for the purpose of picking the bulb, then the bud should be removed). Due to different varieties, cultivation and climatic conditions, the flower bud stage varies greatly, about 30 days.

4. the long period of bulb speed from flower wilting to pre-harvest is called bulb speed period. Because after the full flowering stage, the growth of the aboveground part reached the peak, and the underground bulb also expanded rapidly, which was the yield formation period of 30-60 days.

5. when the stems and leaves of the aboveground parts grow to natural withering and yellow during the harvest period, they can be harvested. However, due to different uses, the time of harvesting bulbs is also different.

① fresh food: can be picked at any time

② processing: from late July to early August:

③ seed: mainly refers to dry land, generally in September to October while digging and planting.

II. Key points of pollution-free cultivation

The main results are as follows: 1. When selecting disease-free bulbs, we should pay attention to get rid of the bulbs with spots, mildew spots and insect injuries, black scales, dry rot of the chassis and no roots. Bulbs with fresh bulbs, white color, intact chassis and good roots should be selected as bulbs.

2. After proper seed storage, dig up the reused bulbs and dry them in the natural shade at home for 2-3 days, and then put them in the sand (the humidity of the sand can be pinched by hands, and the natural height of the ground will spread). Put quicklime at the bottom of the bottom, put it in a cool room or cave, in case of continuous high temperature weather, to avoid too dry, can be properly sprayed on the surface of the sand to moisturize. Can also choose cellar storage, put a layer of lily cover a layer of yellow soil or fine sand, can pile 2-3 layers, the first layer root down, the second layer root up, the third layer root down, cover soil or sand thickness is better not exposed lily. Do not put it on the cement floor that will regain moisture and prevent damage to rats and livestock (poultry) at the same time.

3. Scientific selection of land which has not planted lily, pepper, eggplant, onion, leek, garlic and other crops for more than 3 years, and good drainage, not easy to drought and waterlogging, can reduce the occurrence of diseases. Low-lying land which is difficult to drain and prone to stagnant water is not suitable for planting. The lilies planted in sandy soil grow rapidly, the color is white, and the quality is good, but the bulbs are not tight, and they are easy to wither after harvest, so they are not suitable to be used as seed bulbs; the lilies planted in clayey soil have compact bulbs and good quality, but they grow slowly and the yield is not ideal; lilies planted in soil with too much humus grow and fatten quickly, but the scales are blotchy and have poor flavor. In short, according to the characteristics of lily like shade and dampness, fear of drought and waterlogging, it is appropriate to choose black sandy loam soil with higher topography, convenient drainage and drought resistance, north facing south, loose and fertile soil.

4. The growth period of lily with heavy application of organic base fertilizer is longer, and more fertilizer is needed, and topdressing fertilization in the later stage is easy to induce diseases and insect pests. Therefore, re-application of base fertilizer is an important measure to win the high yield of lily. The base fertilizer is mainly organic fertilizer, mainly fully rotten pig, cow manure, plant ash, withered cake, etc., 30-50 piculs of pig and cattle manure and 10-20 piculs of plant ash are applied per mu, and 50 kilograms of withered cake fertilizer is applied where possible, and the soil is turned into a tile back shape. Can also apply old pit soil or river (pond) mud (sun-dried fine), generally can not apply chemical fertilizer, for poor soil, can add phosphate fertilizer 50 kg.

5. Reasonable deep ploughing lily is an underground bulb crop, so the ploughing depth of lily field should be more than 25 centimeters, and the ploughing time is generally after the previous crop harvest, so ploughing and drying the land immediately on a sunny day, especially in paddy fields. Before planting, it is combined with the application of base fertilizer and soil treatment to flatten and fine, so as to eliminate weeds and grasses.

Soil treatment: about 50 kilograms of quicklime per mu to prevent the harm of ants, ants, etc.; it can also be used to quickly fumigate the soil before sowing, use 10-15 grams per square meter, evenly mix 10-20 cm deep into the soil, mix evenly, sprinkle and moisturize (about 40% of the soil relative humidity), immediately cover the plastic film for 3-4 days, hoe and loosen the soil layer, and sow after 2 days.

Making border: the width of dry land border is about 133 cm, the width of paddy field border is 100-120 cm, the width of ditch is 33 cm, the depth is 25-30 cm, the length of border can be determined according to the topography, but if the border is too long, waist groove should be added, waist groove 40-50 cm wide, depth 30 cm, perimeter groove 45-50 cm wide, 33 cm deep. In short, the width and depth of each ditch should be flexibly controlled according to the type and location of the field.-be sure to ensure smooth drainage, no rain, and no waterlogging on heavy rainy days.

6. Strictly disinfect the bulbs, no matter the bulbs selected during the lily harvest period (late July to August) or the bulbs collected during the lily sowing period (late September to October), all need to be disinfected with chemicals. Available pharmaceutical treatment methods:

(1) 39-40% formaldehyde 50 times solution soaked seeds for 15 minutes

(2) 75% Zhiweiling 500-600 times solution soaked seeds for 25 minutes.

(3) soaking seeds in 500 times solution of 10% Shuangxiaoling for 25 minutes

(4) 15 minutes of seed soaking in 500 times solution of chlorothalonil.

(5) carbendazim or topiramate 800-1000 times liquid spray seed ball. In addition, you can also mix seeds with 70% dimethazone powder 1RU 300.

(6) 55% Redomir-manganese zinc 200-fold solution, or 12% green milk copper 200-fold solution, or 5% bacteriocin 50-fold solution soaked in seed balls for 25 minutes, dry in the shade.

7. Sowing at the right time, choose sunny day, open the bulb valve, if it is found that the bulb turns brown and there are more disease spots should be discarded. The sowing time is from mid-September to late October, the free land can be sown early to the beginning of September, and the paddy field should be finished by the end of October.

The sowing plant and row spacing are 15-25X26-36cm. Under normal circumstances, the average amount of seeds per mu is 200kg-225kg, 40-50 bulbs per kilogram, and 7000-9000 plants per mu. The lily bulb should have one core. If the bulb has more than 2 cores, it should be cut with thin and sharp pieces of bamboo according to the shape of the natural bud core. The depth of sowing is 2-3 times the diameter of the bulb, and if the sandy soil is deepened properly, the clayey soil should be sowed shallowly. Generally, the sowing ditch is excavated according to the definite plant row spacing (some farmers are also planted in holes), and then the seed balls are placed in the sowing ditch (note that the seed balls should be core up and the root system is down), and then cover the soil 7-10 cm thick. Finally, clean the countryside and dredge the "three ditches". Conditional agricultural products can be covered with plastic film in late November, and general growers can cover straw, which has the effect of heat preservation and grass control.

III. Field management

The focus of lily field management is to do a good job in "fitness cultivation" as the center, to "pollution-free" production as the goal, to do a good job in fertilizer, water, medicine and other management.

It is required that the application amount of base fertilizer accounts for more than 70% of the fertilizer required during the whole growth period, and topdressing is mainly based on the feces and urine of rotten human and livestock, as well as a small amount of withered cake fertilizer, which is conducive to the growth of lilies and improve the ability of resistance to diseases and insect pests. At the same time, during the whole growth period of lilies, we must conscientiously do a good job in clearing ditches and drainage, so that ditches are connected and there is no stagnant water when the rain stops. When the field is dry, we can only slowly irrigate "horse race water" in the ditches, and there must be absolutely no underwater border surface. We should abide by the principle of "better drought than waterlogging". This can not only improve the yield and ensure the quality, but also reduce the occurrence of diseases.