Cultivation techniques of Gastrodia elata

Gastrodia elata is the dry tuber of Orchidaceae plant Gastrodia elata (gastrodiaelata), also known as Red Arrow, Shuipu, tomorrow Ma and so on. It has the effects of calming the liver and relieving wind, dispelling wind and dredging collaterals. It mainly produces Sichuan, Guizhou, Yunnan, Shaanxi, Hubei, Anhui and other provinces. Now there are introduction and cultivation all over the country.

(1) morphological characteristics

Perennial herbs, rootless, without green leaves, plant height 30 cm ~ 150 cm. Tuber fleshy, oval, yellowish in appearance, with uniform links, membranous scales and inconspicuous bud eyes at nodes. Those with terminal red mixed buds are called arrow hemp, and those without obvious terminal buds are called white hemp and rice hemp. Stem simple, cylindrical, generally with 7 nodes, yellowish red, with white stripes. Small scale leaves membranous, alternate, light brown when faded. Racemes terminal, bracts membranous; flowers yellowish green, bisexual, perianth connate into a crooked tube, apical 5-lobed; gynoecium, anthers 2-loculed at top, cap-shaped; ovary inferior, stalk twisted yellowish brown. The capsule is oblong, with six longitudinal stitches in light red, and the seeds are fine and powdery. The seeds can be seen to be spindle-shaped or meniscus-shaped by 50 times magnification. The flowering period is from May to June and the fruiting period is from June to July, as shown in Fig. 4Mel 3.

(2) growth habits

Gastrodia elata likes a cool and humid environment, cold resistance, fear of high temperature, Gastrodia elata rootless, no chlorophyll absorption and production of nutrients, must rely on Armillaria mellea to provide. Armillaria mellea is a facultative fungus that is often parasitic or saprophytic in the tissues of tree roots and old tree trunks. It begins to grow at 6c~8c, and the soil moisture is 60%-80%. It can grow normally when the temperature is 20c. The optimum temperature for growth is 20c, 26c, 28c and the growth is slow, and the growth stops above 32c.

Gastrodia elata and Armillaria mellea are nutritional symbiosis. Armillaria mellea invades the epidermis of Gastrodia elata tuber, the top of the mycelium is broken, the hyphae are immersed into the cortical parenchyma cells, the epidermal cells are decomposed and absorbed, and the hyphae continue to extend inward, then the hyphae are decomposed and absorbed by the digestive layer cells of Gastrodia elata for the growth of Gastrodia elata.

Gastrodia elata seeds have no endosperm, the embryo is not differentiated, and can not provide a source of nutrition for germination. Under natural conditions, the germination of seeds requires the participation of fungi in addition to the conditions needed by ordinary green plants. Seeds germinate during 10c~15c in early May, but the germination rate is very low, usually 1%-10%. The growth of Gastrodia elata was the most suitable in 20c~25c, and the growth above 30c was inhibited. When the ground temperature is above 10c at 15 cm in spring, the bud of Gastrodia elata begins to sprout and seed hemp begins to propagate. It grows rapidly from June to July, slows down in September, and goes dormant when the ground temperature drops below 10c in late October. It takes 4 to 5 years from seed to flowering.

(3) cultivation techniques

1. The gentle slope land and valley gully land rich in organic matter should be selected for land selection and preparation, and the soil quality should be loose loam, sandy loam or sandy soil with good drainage, especially wasteland. The soil ph value is 5-6. Do not use clay and waterlogged waterlogged land, avoid stubble. In addition, Gastrodia elata can be planted in air-raid shelters, caves, basements and other places.

2. The method of reproduction is mainly propagated by tubers, but also by seeds.

(1) Tuber propagation: planted in winter or spring. The inoculation rate of Gastrodia elata planted in winter is high and grows fast, and the time is in November. Spring is planted from March to April. The bacterial bed should be cultivated before planting. The tree species suitable for the growth of Armillaria mellea are commonly used in Fagaceae, such as green stem, mistletoe oak, cork oak, millet, etc. Broad-leaved trees with thick bark, hard wood and strong rot resistance are better. The selected wood is sawed into sticks 40 cm ~ 50 cm long, and the bark is cut into fish scales. In the selected plot, 2-3 months before planting, dig a cellar with a depth of 25 cm ~ 30 cm, a width of 60 cm and a length depending on the topography. The soil at the bottom of the guest is leveled, a layer of dry leaves or humus soil is laid, and the treated new stick is separated from the wood with Armillaria mellea (commonly known as fungus). The distance between the two adjacent rods is 6 cm ~ 7 cm, and the branches of some broad-leaved trees can be sandwiched in the middle. Fill the gap with humus soil to prevent contamination by miscellaneous bacteria. Then cover the soil with 3 cm ~ 4 cm. The second layer is placed in the same way, and the soil is covered with 10 cm. Keep the cellar moist, cover with weeds to cool and moisturize, so that Armillaria mellea grows normally, that is, the adult bed. Select disease-free, freeze-free, non-rotting tubers for planting, separate in size and cultivated separately. When planting, put the seed hemp parallel in the ditch between the bacterial sticks, close to the bacterial sticks, fill the gap with humus soil, and then cover the soil 3 cm, with no bottom fungus material is appropriate. The second layer is planted in the same way, and finally covered with 10 cm ~ 15 cm, covered with a layer of leaf weeds to keep the soil moist. Thicken the soil cover during overwintering to prevent frost damage.

(2) seed propagation: select the arrow hemp which weighs more than 100 grams and plant as soon as you pick according to the above method. Bolting should be prevented from sunlight and artificial pollination should be carried out during flowering. The time of pollination can be chosen at about 10:00 on a sunny day, when the edge of the cap appears slightly. After pollination, the ear is wrapped in a plastic bag, and when a small amount of seeds are scattered from the lower fruit, it will be harvested with ripening from the bottom to the top. As the seed life of Gastrodia elata is short, the capsule picked should be sown in time. When sowing, take out the fungus material in the upper layer of the fungus bed, pick out the soil on the lower fungus material, scatter the withered and moist leaves on the lower fungus material, flatten it slightly; spread the seeds evenly on the leaves, cover a thin layer of moist fallen leaves, sow the second layer of seeds, cover the soil with 3 cm, cover a layer of moist leaves, put it into the upper layer fungus material, and finally cover the soil with 10 cm ~ 15 cm. For example, 10 fungi per cellar can sow 810 capsules, and each capsule has about 30,000 seeds, which can be planted properly, some Arrow hemp, white hemp, seed hemp and a large number of rice flax can be received in the next autumn, which can be used as tuber propagation.

3. Field management should be carefully managed after Gastrodia elata is planted, and human and animal trampling is strictly prohibited. Before overwintering, the soil should be thickened and the leaves should be covered against freezing; during the high wet period from June to August, high-pole crops should be built or intercropped to shade the sun; before the rainy season, clear the drainage ditch and remove stagnant water in time to prevent tubers from rotting. In spring and autumn, you should receive the necessary sunlight to maintain a certain temperature.

4. Pest control

(1) rot: caused by a variety of causes, commonly known as rotten nest disease. Prevention and control methods: strict selection of seed stems; strengthen water management in the field to prevent drought, flood and preserve soil moisture.

(2) grubs: the larvae feed on tubers in the cellar. Control method: light trap and kill adults; irrigate with 90% trichlorfon 800 times solution and 75% phoxim EC 700 times solution.

Other mole cricket, aphids, ants and other harmful fungus materials and tubers, should pay attention to prevention and control.

(4) harvesting and processing

Large white hemp and arrow hemp can be harvested one year after planting, while small white hemp and rice hemp need to be harvested two years after planting. Mining is usually carried out in early winter or early spring. First peel off the soil surface, take out the fungus, collect Gastrodia elata, and grade it, and then cover the gap with leaves to allow the rice flax to continue to grow. In addition to some of the arrow hemp is reserved for seed reproduction, it is processed and used as medicine together with white hemp.

The processing method is to wash the graded Gastrodia elata, steam it in the cage for 10 minutes and 20 minutes, steam to the point where there is no white heart, take out the water vapor to dry, and then continue to bake it with fire until dry. If it is Gastrodia elata, it can be punctured with a needle on Gastrodia elata, so that the internal moisture is distributed outward, flattened when semi-dry, cease-fire and sweat, and then bake at 70c for 2-3 days until it is completely dry.