Diagnosis and Prevention of Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases in Fox

Nutritional and metabolic diseases mean that the nutrients contained in feed, especially vitamins and minerals, can not meet the growth and development needs of foxes. Sometimes nutritional metabolic diseases occur not because of insufficient nutrients in feed, but because of digestive disorders in animals. In the preparation of feed, attention should also be paid to the interrelationship between vitamins and minerals (complementary or antagonistic). The following five kinds of nutritional and metabolic diseases are easy to occur in fur animals.

(-) Vitamin A deficiency

Vitamin A deficiency is a disease characterized by keratosis of epithelial cells. Foxes are prone to this disease.

[etiology]

Vitamin An in feed can not meet the requirements of foxes, or vitamin An in diet is destroyed due to long storage, oxidation, corruption and improper preparation, or the absorption of vitamin An is affected by digestive tract diseases, which are the main causes of the disease.

[symptoms]

The main manifestation of the disease is keratinization of the skin and mucosa. When the silver-black fox suffers from this disease, it occurs nerve fiber myelin degeneration, female fox follicular degeneration and male fox convoluted seminiferous tubule epithelial degeneration, which leads to the reproductive function of the fox.

The clinical manifestations of young foxes and adult foxes are basically the same. generally, when vitamin An is deficient, clinical symptoms appear after 2-3 months. The early symptoms are neurological disorders, convulsions, tilting the head back, and the sick fox loses balance and falls down. The stress response of the sick fox is enhanced, and when it is stimulated by a small amount, it is highly excited, turns around the cage and wobbles its steps. The intestinal function of the young fox was damaged in varying degrees, showing symptoms of diarrhea, mixed with a large amount of mucus and blood in the feces, and sometimes symptoms of pneumonia, slow growth and slow tooth change.

[pathological anatomical changes]

Dead bodies are generally thin and anemic. Young foxes often have bronchitis and bronchitis. Young foxes also often find changes in gastroenteritis, ulcers in the stomach and stones in the kidney and bladder.

[diagnosis]

The content of vitamin An in the blood of diseased foxes and the liver of dead animals was determined, and vitamin A could also be added to the diet for therapeutic diagnosis.

[prevention]

To prevent the occurrence of this disease, we should first ensure the supply of vitamin An in the diet, and pay attention to the supply of vegetables, fish and liver in the feed. To treat this disease, vitamin A can be added to the feed, the treatment amount is 5: 10 times the required amount, silver black fox and arctic fox daily each 3000~5000IU.

(2) Vitamin E deficiency

Vitamin E is the general name of several biophenols with vitamin E activity. Its main function is to act as a biological antioxidant. When the fox is deficient in vitamin E, it will cause reproductive dysfunction.

[symptoms]

When the female fox was deficient in vitamin E, it showed delayed estrus, infertility and empty pregnancy, the newborn fox was mentally exhausted, weak, unable to suck, and the mortality increased; the male fox showed decreased or disappeared libido and sperm production dysfunction. Nutritious foxes with yellow fat stain and degeneration are more likely to die suddenly in autumn.

[prevention]

To prevent this disease, we should provide sufficient vitamin E according to the different physiological periods of foxes. When the feed is not fresh, we should increase the amount of vitamin E supply.

When treating this disease, you should first supplement vitamin E, 5~10mg per kilogram of body weight, and optionally add the following prescription drugs:

(l) Vitamin B12, 50~100mg per kg body weight.

(2) penicillin, 100000 ~ 200,000 IU / kg body weight, sulfadiazine 0.05~0.lg / kg body weight.

(3) 0.2g / kg body weight of lactase was mixed with human feed, and oxytetracycline was injected intramuscularly at 50000 U / kg body weight.

(3) Vitamin C deficiency

When foxes lack vitamin C, it often causes "red claw disease" of young foxes.

[symptoms]

When pregnant female foxes lack vitamin C during pregnancy, it often causes red claw disease in newborn foxes. The young fox within 1 week suffered from red claw disease, and its characteristic symptoms were edema of extremities, high flushing of skin, thickening of joints, swelling and thickening of toe pad and edema of tail. After a period of time, ulcers and cracks between the toes. If the pregnant female fox is seriously deficient in vitamin C, the young fox will have foot edema during the embryonic period or after birth, which is mild at the beginning and gradually serious later. On the second day after birth, the soles of the feet are accompanied by mild congestion, when the tail becomes thicker and the skin flushes. Sick foxes often scream, crawl everywhere, lean their heads back and exhaust their energy.

[prevention]

To prevent this disease, it is necessary to ensure that the variety and quantity of vitamins in the feed are complete and sufficient. When feeding stale vegetables, be sure to add vitamin C refined products, more than 20mg per day. Vitamin C is easy to decompose at high temperature. Be sure to mix it well with cold water. Female foxes should be examined in time after giving birth, and if red claw disease is found in foxes, they should be treated in time. Give 3% to 5% vitamin C solution, each 1mL twice a day. It can be injected orally with an eyedropper until the swelling is eliminated.

(4) B vitamin deficiency

The occurrence of B vitamin deficiency in fur animals is not only due to insufficient content in feed, but also due to the oxidation and deficiency of fat in feed and the destruction and loss of B vitamins during feed storage.

1. Vitamin B1 deficiency

[etiology]

In addition to the above points, the causes of vitamin B1 deficiency include long-term feeding of freshwater fish or some marine fish containing thiamine enzymes that destroy vitamin B1, or diets with yeast as the source of B vitamins in feed (although yeast is rich in B vitamins, but vitamin B1 is not much), it is easy to cause the disease.

[symptoms]

When vitamin B1 is insufficient in feed, it will cause the occurrence of this disease after 20-40 days. Animals suffering from the disease have loss of appetite or disappearance, a lot of surplus food, physical weakness, emaciation, gait instability, convulsions, spasms, if not timely treatment, after 1-2 days of death. Serious lack of vitamin B1, nerve endings pathological changes, tissue and organ disorders, diseased fox body temperature, heart failure, anorexia, waste food, digestive disorders and so on. When the female fox vitamin B1 is insufficient, it can delay the pregnancy, increase the empty pregnancy rate, give birth to weak babies, and so on.

[anti-metallurgy]

To prevent the occurrence of this disease, the content of vitamin B1 in the feed should be guaranteed, and the fish containing thiamine enzyme should not be fed for a long time. The freshwater fish should be boiled and fed.

The disease can be treated with vitamin B1 in the early stage, and yeast is added to the feed to increase the feed rich in vitamin B1. Silver black fox and arctic fox were fed with vitamin B18 ~ lOmg daily for 10 to 15 days. When you have neurological symptoms and refuse to eat, you can use vitamin B1 injection, silver-black fox or arctic fox can be injected with 0.5~lmL.

2. Vitamin B2 deficiency

[symptoms]

Vitamin B2 deficiency can cause animal dermatitis, decolorization of the coat and slow growth. It also often causes neurological damage, gait shaking, incomplete hindlimb paralysis or paralysis, spasms and coma. The heart is weak. The whole body is shedding, the fur is decolorized, the estrus of the female fox is delayed, infertility occurs, the newborn fox is underdeveloped, the cleft palate is separated, and the bone is shortened. Arctic foxes appear hairless or grayish-white downy during lactation. At the age of 5 weeks, the fox has no coat at all and has thick fat skin. The motor function is weak, the crystal is cloudy and milky white.

[prevention]

Silver-black foxes and arctic foxes can be fed with riboflavin 3~3.5mg daily, and feeding management should be improved and yeast should be increased. When the amount of fat in the feed is high, the supply of riboflavin should be increased. For pregnant and lactating foxes, riboflavin is added by 2.5 mg per day.

3. Vitamin B6 deficiency usually occurs in the breeding period of foxes. When vitamin B6 is deficient, male foxes are azoospermic, female foxes cause empty pregnancy or fetal death, and young foxes are stunted. Therefore, once there is a lack of vitamin B6 in the feed, it will cause great losses in the production of foxes.

[symptoms]

In foxes with loss of appetite, keratosis of epithelial cells, posterior limb paralysis and microcellular anemia occurred in acanthosis; empty rate of pregnant female foxes increased; mortality of newborn foxes increased; sexual function of male foxes disappeared or asexual reflex and azoospermia; testes of male foxes shrunk obviously and testis degenerated; young foxes showed growth retardation; female foxes showed oestrus and pregnancy was delayed.

[prevention]

In order to prevent the occurrence of this disease, the amount of vitamin B6 in diet should not be less than 0.9mg in 100g dry matter, or 0.25mg in every 418kg feed. When foxes with this disease are found, they should be treated with vitamin B6 preparation in time. Use 1.2g in estrus, once a day, 0.9mg in hair growing period, and 0.6mg in growing period, which can be mixed in feed. If it is an injection, the dosage can be calculated according to proportion for intramuscular injection.

4. Vitamin B12 deficiency vitamin B12 deficiency or deficiency can cause anemia in foxes. Lack of vitamin B12 in feed, adult fox menstruation 36 weeks, young fox menstrual deficiency after 15 weeks.

[symptoms]

Diseased foxes are characterized by hematopoietic anemia, visual mucous membrane pallor, loss of appetite, emaciation and weakness. If it occurs during pregnancy, the mortality rate of young foxes is high. The disease occurs in silver-black fox, showing systemic anemia, pale mucous membrane, hypoplasia of young fox, atrophy and reduction of parenchyma organs and thinning of the edge of liver and spleen.

[prevention]

In order to prevent this disease, vitamin B12 in feed should be supplied according to the standard, that is, the content of vitamin B12 in every 418kg feed is 1.5~2.5mg.

When treating this disease with vitamin B12, the dosage is 1015g / kg body weight intramuscularly. Once every 2 days, until cured.