On the Prevention and Control of Deer Disease in China

Over the past half a century, with the development of the deer industry, the number of deer is increasing, deer have more extensive contact with the external environment, and the types of deer diseases are also increasing. The mortality rate in some deer farms is as high as 10% (including deer that should be eliminated but not eliminated). Deer disease has become one of the important risks in deer production.

1 Review of history

The understanding of deer disease is advanced and improved with the development of deer production. China has a history of raising deer for thousands of years, and the real prosperity was after the founding of New China. In the early days of the founding of the people's Republic of China, there were not many deer, and there were few deer diseases. in addition, there was superstition about deer, that deer were immortal beasts, that saw antler fashion needed to burn incense and pray, that sawing with red cloth would not let women see, and so on. They were even more afraid to treat deer disease, unable to cure it, and some were not treated at all. Take the dystocia midwifery of female deer, for example, at that time, both mother deer and young deer often died because they could not be dealt with in time.

The book "raising Deer" edited by Jilin Provincial Agricultural Department in 1957 (Jilin people's Publishing House), which is the first book of raising deer in New China, includes seven kinds of deer diseases, such as deer gastrointestinal disease, first stomach stagnation, acute gastrointestinal catarrh, rheumatism, joint rheumatism, esophageal infarction, deer necrotizing bacilli and so on. Twenty years later, the book "raising Deer and Prevention and treatment of Deer Diseases" edited by Chen Yuhan and Chen Qiansheng (Agricultural Publishing House) in 1979 included 43 kinds of infectious diseases, common diseases, toxic diseases, parasitic diseases and young deer diseases of deer, more than three times the number of deer diseases in the book "raising Deer". Twenty years later, in 1998, "raising Deer in China" edited by Zhao Shizhen and Shen Guang compiled 73 kinds of deer diseases, more than three times more than "raising Deer and Prevention and Control of Deer Diseases". It is only one of more than 1100 livestock diseases in Moke's Veterinary Manual (Jiangxi people's Publishing House 1984) edited by Sigmund of the United States. This only shows that the prevention and control of deer disease is accompanied by the expansion of the scale of raising deer and the passage of time. In addition, the prevention and control team of deer disease is expanding, and the prevention and control technology is also improving.

After the Great Leap forward, with the implementation of the policy of enrichment, consolidation, and improvement, a large number of college and secondary school graduates flocked to the deer farm, and the technical and medical teams for raising deer grew gradually. the main infectious diseases of deer, such as tuberculosis, necrobacillosis, enterotoxemia, rabies, pasteurellosis, leptospirosis and so on, have been basically controlled. Common diseases such as gastrointestinal diseases, nutritional diseases, selenium deficiency, fluorosis, deer disease and so on have also been effectively prevented.

2 main achievements

Although deer farming in China has a long history, deer farming is a new thing after the founding of the people's Republic of China. The prevention and control of deer disease has experienced a process from ignorance to understanding, breaking through conservative forces, and has made remarkable achievements.

2.1 dystocia accounts for 40%-50% of the total disease of female deer, and dystocia midwifery has become an important technical work of veterinarians in deer farms. In the mid-1960s, GE Yuesheng of the first Deer Farm in Dongliao first used midwifery to improve the quality and speed of pulling out the fetal head and improve the success rate of midwifery. Then Zhao Shizhen introduced midwifery with a midwifery box to make the midwifery deer from lying down Baoding to standing Baoding, restoring the fetal position and posture more convenient. Mian Naining came out in 1971 and began to anaesthetize Baoding midwifery. At the beginning of this century, Zhao Shizhen also developed deer midwifery gloves, so that wearing midwifery condoms changed from manual operation to mechanized operation, and the success rate of midwifery was further improved. Dystocia and midwifery of female deer was no longer a difficult problem, and the success rate of timely midwifery was almost 100%.

2.2 Necrobacillosis is a common disease that poses a great threat to raising deer. The morbidity of adult deer is 23.5%-23.9%, and the mortality rate is 17.6%-25.1%, of which the male deer accounts for more than 90%, and the autumn and winter season accounts for 82% of the whole year. In the 1950s and 1960s, most of them were treated with Soviet reindeer necrobacillosis, such as potassium permanganate powder, formalin, sulfur ointment and so on. In 1964, Zhao Shizhen and others first used iodine-boron mixture to treat necrotic bacilli, local treatment plus systemic treatment, the early treatment effect was 100%, the middle stage was 80%, and the cure rate was still 40% to 50% in the late stage as long as the focus did not transfer to the lung. Due to the poor immune function of the disease, the vaccine has not been made for several centuries. At the end of the last century, Qian Guocheng, a specialty institute, first isolated a virulent strain of necrotic bacilli, and Wang Kejian and others developed a vaccine against necrobacillosis, which fundamentally controlled the disease, and this achievement won the second prize for scientific and technological progress in the province.

2.3 in 1959, an infectious disease with hematuria and yellow staining as the main symptoms was spread to deer farms in the eastern mountainous areas of Jilin Province, and then gradually spread to deer farms in the west of Jilin Province, as well as Liaoning and Heilongjiang provinces. The incidence of some deer farms accounted for 78%, and the mortality rate was 8% and 15%. In 1962, Gao Yun and others, under the guidance of Professor Yang Fuhai of Bethune Medical University, confirmed Leptospira disease, which is a zoonotic disease, early high-dose penicillin can be cured, and livestock vaccines have been available for a long time. This achievement won the provincial science and technology conference award.

2.4 from 1968 to 1978, an infectious disease dominated by deer neurological symptoms broke out in Jilin Province, which was called deer neuropathic disease at that time, with an incidence of 30% to 40% and a mortality rate of almost 100%. None of the treatments were effective with all antibiotics, traditional Chinese medicine, folk prescription and so on. According to the theory of interference between viruses that prevailed at that time, Zhao Shizhen proposed whether the deer could be injected with rabies vaccine, encephalitis vaccine and je vaccine to see if there was any interference between them. after trial, the protective effect of rabies vaccine was the best, so the deer was subcutaneously injected with unauthentic rabies vaccine to control the disease. In 1970, Qian Guocheng and Yan Zhong of the Special products Research Institute and Wang Mingzhi of the military Veterinary University successively isolated the virus from the diseased deer brain. In 1972, Qian Guocheng and others inoculated the disease into sheep brain to make sheep brain rabies vaccine. Later, a special research group was set up at the Veterinary University, and under the guidance of Academician Yin Zhen, Hu Jingyao and Hou Shikuan conducted a systematic study to confirm that the disease was deer rabies, which won the first prize for scientific and technological progress in the army. However, the saliva of rabies dogs has strong infectivity, while the saliva of diseased deer has no infection ability to sheep, dogs, pigs and everyone, and only brain inoculation can infect. There are still some unknown aspects of this disease.

2.5 A research team led by Professor Wei Xubin of Veterinary University discovered sika deer copper deficiency syndrome for the first time in China. After the disease, the body shakes (commonly known locally as "waist shaking disease"), ataxia and progressive paralysis, with an incidence of 10% and a fatality rate of 100%. The empty rate of female deer in some deer farms is as high as 43%, causing great harm to deer production. Through systematic epidemiological investigation, hematological examination, pathomorphological and pathophysiological study, detection of trace elements in serum, liver, hair, feed, drinking water and soil, and disease regression test, copper deficiency syndrome was finally diagnosed. The occurrence of the disease was completely controlled by adding the traditional Chinese medicine Dog Ji Powder rich in copper to the feed, and this study won the second prize for scientific and technological progress in Jilin Province.

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