High-quality and High-yield cultivation techniques of Jinshan Fire garlic

Jinshan Fire garlic is a native product of Kaiping City, Guangdong Province. It is a representative variety of garlic in central Guangdong and one of the main winter crops there. It has been found in Southeast Asian countries, Hong Kong and Macao and the Pearl River Delta region. According to records, Jinshan fire garlic has a history of more than 200 years, mainly planted in Shagang, Jinshan, Longtang, the Yangtze River, Shuikou, Siqian and Xinwu. Due to the smoking after drying in the field during harvest, the skin of garlic is brown and black, so it is called "fire garlic". And because of its origin in the Jinshan area, early from the Jinshan wharf a large number of exports, it is called "Jinshan fire garlic". The main characteristics are: short growth period, about a month earlier than the same kind of garlic harvest; garlic stalk small head, thin scales and purplish red, garlic base is double saddle-shaped; garlic grains are distinct, meat is full, meat is yellowish white, low water content after smoking, resistant to storage, convenient for packaging and transportation. The cultivation techniques of high quality and high yield are summarized as follows.

1 feature characteristic

The root system is shallow, the root hair is few, the root is well developed, the plant is strong, the plant height 50cm, the plant width 9cm, the pseudostem height 28cm, the thick 0.9cm, the whole plant leaf number 1516. The garlic is covered with bare grains, the garlic head is long and oblate, and the average weight per head is about 10g. Each garlic head has 7 to 10 cloves, the cloves are hypertrophic, and the average weight of each clove is about 1.5g. The output is 667 square meters 750~1000kg. The growth period is 140-150 days. Like cold and warm, resistant to fertilizer and disease, afraid of drought, afraid of waterlogging, require ventilation and light transmission.

2 cultivation techniques

2.1 sowing

It is suitable for cultivation in open field and plastic film mulching in winter in South China. Proper early planting is the key to high yield. before and after Frosts Descent, it should not be more than Lesser Snow at the latest. Jinshan area is generally sown in early October, on the one hand, there is no bolting in the local area, on the other hand, the harvest time can avoid rainy days in March. If sowing early in hot and hot weather (such as June to September), garlic cloves must undergo seed soaking and low temperature treatment to promote root sprouting.

2.2 cultivate strong seedlings

Choose hard, round garlic cloves, fat, uniform, neat, disease-free garlic as seeds. Implement graded sowing to facilitate management. Mainly on demand, plant spacing 8.5~10cm, line spacing 16.5~20cm. When sowing, the garlic tip is upward and the garlic stalk is inserted downward into the soil. The garlic tip should be slightly exposed and properly compacted so that the garlic cloves are in close contact with the soil and prevent the phenomenon of "jumping garlic" (garlic cloves are topped and exposed to the ground). The seed dosage is 60~70kg per 667m2. Cover grass after sowing, use 780 piculs (50kg/ load) of grass every 667m2. After covering the border, flatten and compact the grass surface with bamboo pole to prevent sun exposure and heavy rain erosion. At the same time, watering enough fixed root water is conducive to the water absorption and expansion of garlic and promote the germination of roots.

2.3 soil preparation and fertilization

It is appropriate to choose sandy loam soil with good drainage and irrigation, deep soil layer and rich organic matter. The previous crop had better be non-onion and garlic crops. Ploughing and tanning, soil preparation, covering ditch and border, border width 1.5-1.7m, high 25cm, ditch width 30cm, leveling border surface, smashing soil. Apply sufficient basic fertilizer before ploughing, and apply 2000kg mature barnyard manure or 75kg peanut bran or imported compound fertilizer 40kg every 667m2. If raw fertilizer is used, it will burn roots during fermentation and cause underground insect pests, especially garlic maggots.

2.4 Field management

After sowing, it is generally topdressing for 3 or 4 times. The first topdressing is seedling-promoting fertilizer at 3-leaf stage, ammonium bicarbonate 15kg and phosphate fertilizer 15kg are applied to promote the growth of garlic seedlings, and then topdressing depends on growth and soil fertility, and the second topdressing is full-growth fertilizer to promote growth and make stems and leaves sturdy. urea 5~6kg, potash 5kg or imported compound fertilizer 7.5~10kg or mature livestock fertilizer, manure ash, soil fertilizer and so on can be applied every 667m2. The third time is bolting fertilizer, topdressing quick-acting nitrogen and potassium fertilizer, applying urea 6~7.5kg, potassium fertilizer 7.5kg or nitrogen and potassium compound fertilizer 5kg / 10kg, and the fourth time is garlic expansion fertilizer, mainly phosphorus and potassium fertilizer, which can top apply mature farm fertilizer 400~500kg, and compound fertilizer 7.5~10kg can be applied in the land with poor growth to promote the growth of garlic. Fertilization should be carried out in the afternoon on a sunny day, and sprinkle water after each topdressing, and the amount of water should be sufficient to prevent burning leaves and roots. Generally speaking, chemical nitrogen fertilizer is no longer used after the Winter Solstice. In the middle and later stage of growth, one or more of the solution of 0.5% potassium dihydrogen phosphate, 0.5% borax and 0.15% copper sulfate were sprayed on the leaves of every 667m2 field with 40kg, and the effect of increasing yield was very significant.

The moisture requirement mainly depends on the weather and growth conditions. Field irrigation should not be too much, generally sprinkling water every 7 to 10 days, in order to keep the field dry, moist soil, avoid stagnant water and promote growth. Stop watering 5 days before harvesting garlic to control the growth and accelerate the transport of assimilates in leaves to garlic.

Pay attention to the weeds in the field and remove the old and yellow leaves in time. Herbicides can be sprayed before sowing and emergence. During the growing period of garlic seedlings, the weeds should be ploughed and weeded when the weeds just sprouted, and the weeds should be pulled out as soon as possible to avoid competing with garlic seedlings for fertilizer.

2.5 Disease and pest control

There are mainly "one insect and two diseases", that is, garlic maggot and leaf blight, yellow spot. Give priority to prevention and comprehensive prevention. Sometimes there are physiological abnormalities caused by cultivation techniques, such as secondary growth, split ball, poor bolting, onion garlic, paralyzed seedlings and so on. The most common disease is "sitting head disease". The disease starts with rotten leaves, the garlic seedlings do not grow, and gradually shrinks until the rotten roots die. Fertilizer and water management should be strengthened, such as spraying water after the application of farm manure and fertilizer.

(3) harvesting and remaining species

① garlic harvest period after planting 140 to 150 days or only 2 true leaves, the leaf tip withered and drooping or the leaf color is still green, but the leaf tail has been withered and drooping, garlic has been cut off the root or look at the underground part of garlic with large, red, thin skin, distinct garlic grains, full meat can be harvested.

Generally, one batch is collected every 3 to 5 days, and it is harvested in stages and batches. The plant is wilting at noon and in the afternoon in sunny day, and it is not easy to harvest when it is not easy to break. When pulling out the plant, use appropriate force to avoid hurting garlic, do not cut garlic grains when cutting roots, after stripping, and bind and cut seedlings with grass. Garlic stem length (including garlic) does not exceed 26cm.

The mixed seed selection method can be used for ② seed selection. First, block selection was carried out in the field, and individual selection was carried out after harvest, so as to retain high yield and high quality varieties for garlic production in the following year. Garlic for seed use had better not be washed or peeled after harvest. It should be dried in a low light or in a dry and ventilated shade, and then smoked until the skin is brown and black to prevent moths. The stored fire garlic should be checked for insect pests from June to July, and some insect repellents can be sprayed, such as 50% phoxim emulsion or 80% crystal trichlorfon. The general choice for keeping seeds is garlic with old body, big head, thin stem, full clove, thin skin, small heart, solid and round, bright and shiny skin.