Development and Utilization of Wild Tangli Resources in Simao, Yunnan Province

Tang pear is the common name of Simao in Yunnan. it includes several species, as well as several common names, such as Tang pear thorn, mountain pear, Bosha pear, sour pear and so on. Tang pear belongs to Rosaceae and is a wild fruit of great development and utilization value. Tang pear is distributed in various states in Yunnan, growing in mountain forests and wilderness, and in some places it naturally forms forests or patches, and is rich in reserves. At present, Tang pear fruit trees in Yunnan are used as rootstocks of artificially cultivated pears, flowers are eaten as wild vegetables, and the fruit can be ripe on the trees. Local people collect fresh food: in winter, many local people pick fruit to let it ripen naturally and eat fresh. The fruit of Tang pear has good advantages in terms of nutrition content, health care effect, natural flavor and no pollution, and it can be developed into organic products in terms of raw materials. in the process of production, according to the requirements of organic food; wild tang pear has good adaptability and comprehensive resistance in its natural distribution area, so the development and utilization of tang pear will have a good development prospect.

1 the natural situation of Simao, Yunnan

Simao is located in the southwest of Yunnan Province, the land is connected with Vietnam, Laos and Myanmar, the Lancang-Mekong Golden Waterway runs through the territory, and has a unique geographical location of "one city with three countries, one river connecting five neighbors". In the territory, Ailao Mountain and Wuliang Mountain are surrounded by peaks and clouds, with endless layers of mountains, lush forests and beautiful rivers, and the surging green sea enriches the high mountains and valleys on the Tropic of Cancer, brimming with green vitality everywhere, and is known as the "Green Sea Pearl" on the Tropic of Cancer. Simao is located between 99 °10 °20 °E longitude and 22 °02 °20 °E latitude, with an area of 45385 square kilometers and nine counties and one district, covering an area of 45385 square kilometers. Ailao Mountain, Wuliangshan Mountain and Nushan Mountain (Yumai) run through the whole territory from north to south, the topography is high in the north and low in the south, the highest elevation is 3370m in Maotou Mountain, the lowest point is 317m in Jiangcheng Tuka Estuary, and the relative height difference is 3053m.

Due to the influence of topography and altitude, Simao has obvious vertical climate characteristics, from low to high, which can be divided into five climatic types: North tropical zone, south subtropical zone, middle subtropical zone, northern subtropical zone and southern temperate zone. Among them: the north tropics refers to the river valleys below 800m above sea level, accounting for 6% of the total area; the south subtropics refers to the mountain areas with an altitude of 800m to 1400m, accounting for 57%; and the tropics and subtropics account for 63% of the total area. Because it is located on the northern edge of the South Asian monsoon and restricted by the monsoon, it forms the characteristics of monsoon climate with distinct dry and wet seasons. The annual average temperature is 15-20.2 ℃, the average temperature of the coldest month (January) is 10.3-13.2 ℃, the average temperature of the hottest month (May and June) is 17.9-24.6 ℃, the annual temperature range is 7.9-12.3 ℃, the seasonal difference is small, and the annual frost-free period is more than 315 days. Annual rainfall 1100~2780mm, 1300~1600mm in most areas, November to April is the dry season, accounting for only less than 15% of the annual rainfall; May to October is the rainy season, accounting for more than 85% of the annual rainfall. Ximeng County and Jiangcheng County, which are located on the windward slope of the southwest and southeast warm and humid currents, have the highest rainfall in the province. The average annual rainfall is 2739mm and 2766mm, respectively, and the maximum rainfall is 3289mm. The number of rainfall days in the city is more than 150 days, the annual relative humidity is 76%-85%, the annual sunshine hours is 1873.9-2206.3 hours, and the annual sunshine percentage is 43%-50%. Simao has no severe cold in winter, no heat in summer and mild climate. "Sunrise in the east and rain in the west" and "there are four seasons in one mountain and different days in ten miles" are the portrayal of Simao's climatic characteristics and the best area for the growth of wild tang pears.

Simao's land has two major characteristics of both mountain and hot areas. Regardless of the high mountains and valleys and hills and dams, the pH value of soil physical and chemical properties is low, mostly red loam, the pH value is about 4: 6, there is no alkaline soil, neutral soil only accounts for 3.33%. The soil is rich in organic matter and fertile. At the same time, wild tang pears in Simao are distributed in mountainous and semi-mountainous areas, far away from pollution sources.

2. Resource status of Simao Tang pear in Yunnan.

Through four years' study of Tang pear, wild Tang pear in Simao, Yunnan Province grows in mountain forests, ditches, roadsides, tea gardens, watersides, etc., with clusters of fruit on branches and evergreen leaves. According to the preliminary field investigation, there are three common tang pears in Simao. The growth habits of these three kinds of pears are similar and the fruits are slightly different, but due to the influence of altitude, climate and other trees close to each other, it is difficult to distinguish between species. At the same time, there will be fruits of different sizes and colors hanging on the same pear tree.

2.1 Biological characteristics of common species of Simaotang pear

According to the higher plant atlas and the taxonomic classification of Chinese trees, the common species of Simaotang pear are Chuan pear, du pear and pear pear. Sichuan pear is a tree, up to 12m high; branches often have spines; branchlets cylindrical, woolly when young. Leaf blade ovate or long ovate, sparsely elliptic, long 4~7cm, wide 2~5cm, apex acuminate or acute, base rounded, sparsely broadly cuneate, margin obtusely serrate, tomentose when young; petiole long 1.5~3cm. Umbels, 7 × 13 flowers; 4~5cm in diam., total pedicels and pedicels are densely tomentose, glabrescent, fruiting glabrous or difficult glabrous; pedicels 2 × 3 cm long; flowers white, 2 × 2.5 cm in diam.; stamens 25-30, slightly shorter than petals; style 3-5, free, glabrous. Fruit subglobose, 1~1.5cm in diam., brown, spotted, calyx lobes deciduous early, fruiting pedicel long 2~3cm. Du pear is a tree, up to 10m high; branches often have spines; branchlets purple-brown, young branches, both sides of young leaves, petiole, total pedicel, pedicel and calyx tube are gray-white tomentose outside. Leaf blade rhombic-ovate or long-ovate, long 4~8cm, broad 2.5~3.5cm, base broadly cuneate, sparsely rounded, margin acutely serrate, old leaves only slightly tomentose or subglabrous below; petiole long 2~3cm. Umbels with 10-15 flowers; pedicels 2-2.5 cm long; flowers white, 1.5-2 cm in diam.; calyx lobes triangular-ovate; petals ovate; styles 2-3, free. Fruit subglobose, 0.5 cm 1 cm in diam. 2-loculed, brown, with light spots, calyx lobes deciduous. Pear is a tree, up to 5-8 m; branchlets stout, Terete, brown, tomentose when young. Leaf blade broadly ovate or ovate, sparsely elliptic-ovate, long 4~8cm, broadly 3.5~6cm, apex acuminate, sparsely mucronate, base rounded or broadly cuneate, margin obtusely serrate, both surfaces glabrous; petiole long 2~4cm, glabrous. Umbels with 12 flowers; 4~6cm in diam., total pedicels and pedicels glabrous, pedicels 1.5 × 3 cm long; flowers white, 2 × 2.5 cm in diam.; stamens 20, slightly shorter than petals; styles 2, sparse 3, free. Fruit globose, 1~2cm in diam., dark brown, spotted, calyx lobes deciduous, with slender pedicels.

Simao Tang pear blossoms from mid-January to mid-February, and the flower is white; it generally grows fully in September, and the fruit setting time is about 7-8 months. In September, the fruit of Tang pear begins to mature, and the fruit of Tang pear can be ripe on the tree. It can also ripen naturally after harvest, and the fully grown pear fruit can hang fruit for a long time, which can be hung until 12 to January of the following year. In some places in December or January, you can see a tree with both fruits and flowers; Tang pear leaves perennial green leaves, in December there are still green leaves hanging on the treetops, the old leaves have not yet fallen, the new young leaves begin to grow.

2.2 present situation of Simaotang Pear Resources

The distribution of wild tang pear is affected by the regional ecological environment, especially the change of topography; tang pear is scattered and interacts with other species. Every selected township first carries on the visit survey, mainly is the individual interview way, carries on the field sampling survey on this basis, in the sampling subjective sampling and the objective sampling unifies, selects the representative plot as the sample plot, and makes a certain number of sample plots, records the various quantity elements of the wild Tang pear. There are 9 counties in Simao City, such as Lancang, Jiangcheng, Zhenyuan and Jinggu. Zhentai Township, Gucheng Town and Bian Township of Zhenyuan County are randomly selected from these 9 counties for field investigation. the contents of the survey include topography, topography, flowering, fruit, harvest season, density and frequency of soil and vegetation. There were more mature forests and patches of wild tang pear fruits in Zhenyuan county, and the density was 0.276-0.5 in the investigated plots, and 0.283-0.717 in Jinggu county.

Suggestions on Comprehensive Development and Utilization of 3 Tang Pear

3.1 material utilization of trunk and branch of Tang pear

The trunks and branches of Tangli are made of loose porous wood. The wood is dark yellowish brown and reddish, the difference between the heart trees is not obvious; oblique texture; the structure is very fine and uniform; there is a tendency of warping when drying, so the drying should be slow; slightly rot-resistant, easy to process, suitable for carving, turning, smooth section, good brightness after painting; easy to stick; strong nail grip, not splitting. It can be used as materials for carving and handicrafts, suitable for seals, assembling @ # @ 217 pieces of wood, abacus beads, pipes, wooden shuttles, toys, T-rulers, curve boards, combs, erhu and so on.

3.2 Medicinal research

The fruit and branches and leaves of du pear are used as medicine to eliminate food and relieve diarrhea; the fruit of Sichuan pear is used as medicine to moisten the intestines and relieve bowels, detumescence and pain; pear roots and leaves are used as medicine to moisten the lungs and relieve cough, clear heat and detoxify, mainly for dry cough, acute conjunctivitis, fruit invigorating stomach and relieving dysentery. Advanced analytical instruments and methods can be used to analyze and determine the roots, leaves and fruits of Tang pear, so as to provide scientific basis for accurate identification of medicinal materials, evaluation of their quality and development of drug sources, development of production and formulation of quality standards. At the same time, deeply excavate folk prescription and folk prescription, analyze chemical composition, carry out toxicological and pharmacological research, verify curative effect, promote application and deep processing, change resource advantage into industrial advantage, and become a new economic growth point.

3.3 Utilization of Tangli Fruit

After ripening, the whole fruit of Tang pear is black, sweet and nutritious. The mature pear contains 0.834% protein, 33.0mg/100g total amino acid, and rich mineral elements. P is 29.0mg, K is 337.0mg, K is 337.0mg, Cu is 0.624mg, Cu is 0.624mg, Zn is 0.266mg, Fe is 0.68mg, Fe is 0.593mg, mn is 0.593mg, and 100gmg is 33.34mg/100g. Se is 0.096mg/100g, ripe tang pear fruit can be used as a wild fruit to supplement K and Ca fresh food, but also can reduce the incidence of cancer, prevent metabolic disorders, arrhythmias, promote the normal development of pancreas, will not appear anemia, bone disease and so on. The production of fruit juice, fruit wine, fruit peel, jam and other organic products with ripe tang pear fruit will have a good health care effect.

The juice production process can be used for cleaning →, crushing →, screening →, homogenizing →, blending → sterilization can. The production process of Cortex moutan is to clean broken →, screen →, homogenize →, prepare → stall, → baking, take-off, → finishing → packaging. The production process of jam is cleaning →, breaking →, sieving →, homogenizing →, preparing, boiling and canning →.

3.4 Utilization of flowers

Wild tang pears in Simao bloom from January to February, with white petals and 13 flowers. Tang pears can be picked and blanched with water. After several hours of water bleaching, they can be eaten as wild vegetables, fried with Douchi, garlic cloves and other spices, or fried with diced ham. The pear flowers can also be scalded with water, mixed with fried seasoning, stored in a fresh-keeping bag in the refrigerator, and eaten in a microwave oven; the pear flowers are kept fresh and sold to other places to obtain better economic benefits, and the production process is the sieving of → enzyme treatment of → de-astringent → fresh-keeping solution.