Present situation and existing problems of upland rice production

Upland rice, also known as upland rice, is a type of cultivated rice with strong drought resistance, barren tolerance and suitable for direct seeding in dry land. Any soil suitable for the growth of major dry grain crops such as corn and corn can be planted. There is no need for water layer management during the whole growth period, and the amount of irrigation is only 10% of that of rice. Upland rice is more tolerant to drought and barren than rice, and has the characteristics of water saving with less input and more output.

I. General situation of upland rice production in the world

At present, there are 18 million hectares of upland rice planted in the world. In West Africa, upland rice accounts for more than 75% of the rice farming area, while in the Americas, upland rice accounts for 65% to 75% of the rice farming area. At present, the main upland rice producing countries are: India 10 million hectares, accounting for 1x6 of the rice area; Brazil 5.59 million hectares, accounting for 85 percent of the rice area; Bangladesh 4.667 million hectares, accounting for 40 percent of the rice area; Indonesia 1.067 million hectares, accounting for 10 percent of the rice area; Vietnam 504000 hectares; China 200000 hectares.

II. Present situation of upland rice production in China

China has a long history of upland rice cultivation and is rich in upland rice resources. A total of 3103 local upland rice varieties have been included in the catalogue of Rice Resources in China. Before the 1950s, upland rice, as a small miscellaneous grain, was widely distributed in China. According to statistics, the planting area of upland rice in China reached 333000 hectares in 1955. Since the late 1950s, with the improvement of water conservancy conditions and the increase of the yield of rice, wheat and summer corn, upland rice has been gradually replaced by rice. The development of upland rice tends to slow down, mainly due to the lack of yield-increasing potential of upland rice varieties, poor relative benefit, lagging cultivation techniques and low degree of mechanization. The root cause of these phenomena is that the quality of upland rice seeds can not be guaranteed and the planting techniques are not matched.

In recent years, the shortage of water resources in China is becoming more and more serious. with the needs of a new round of adjustment of the planting structure in the whole country and the adjustment of agricultural ecological structure in the western development, there is a strong demand for the development of dry farming and water-saving agriculture such as upland rice. urge people to re-explore the planting of upland rice to solve the problems of rice supply and water-saving agriculture. Especially after the successful introduction and trial planting of Brazilian upland rice in China, relevant departments and experts attach great importance to upland rice. In view of the characteristics of general drought, many hills, serious desertification and serious shortage of water resources in western China, the application of upland rice is of great significance for saving water resources, increasing grain production, reducing energy consumption and protecting the ecological environment.

III. Production advantages of upland rice

Upland rice has the characteristics of drought tolerance, waterlogging tolerance, disease resistance, high quality and strong adaptability. direct sowing in dry land has more effective panicles of 667 square meters. as long as it has suitable conditions, it can have the same yield-increasing potential as rice. Compared with rice, planting upland rice has the following advantages: first, changing water and land preparation to dry land preparation or no-tillage, saving a lot of water for land preparation and reducing the cost of agricultural production; second, broadening the scope of planting rice, as rice is changed from paddy field to upland, the amount of irrigation is greatly reduced, rice can be planted on dry land with irrigation conditions, so that the rice production area is greatly increased. Third, the management of water layer is changed to non-water layer management, and the main purpose of irrigation is to meet the physiological water demand of rice plants, so that the utilization rate of water is obviously improved. at the same time, because upland rice has no water layer management, the soil in the plough layer is in a state of oxidation, which fundamentally removes the anaerobic condition caused by long-term flooding in paddy fields, and avoids the damage to the atmosphere caused by toxic gases such as methane. Fourth, upland rice cultivation does not need to maintain the water layer, but only implements moist management, which does not raise the groundwater level, has less leakage, has no threat of secondary salinization, and reduces soil leakage in the plough layer. it reduces the pollution of chemical fertilizers and pesticides to groundwater, rivers and lakes along with the leakage of plough layer.

IV. Economic benefit analysis of upland rice planting.

After China's accession to "WTO", rice is the only product that benefits from trade liberalization in China's grain. In 1998, China's rice exports reached 3.75 million tons, accounting for 19% of the world's total rice exports. with the development of world economic integration and liberalization, more and more families will eat rice, so the international rice supply will increase significantly, and the price will be relatively stable.

V. problems existing in the development of upland rice production

1. Aging of upland rice varieties

The key to the development of upland rice lies in varieties. Compared with other crops, upland rice has a smaller planting area, insufficient investment in upland rice breeding and slow renewal of varieties.

two。 It does not have a certain region.

Upland rice varieties have certain adaptive areas, in the process of growth and development of upland rice, when drought develops to a certain extent, it must be supplemented by appropriate irrigation, so the cultivation of upland rice should choose low-lying land prone to waterlogging or land with certain irrigation conditions. In production, the production plan of upland rice should be made according to local irrigation conditions, rainfall and so on. The cultivation of upland rice should be relatively concentrated and gradually become large-scale and systematic.

3. The comprehensive matching technology is not perfect.

Upland rice is a new planting industry. the development of upland rice should first strengthen the research on the matching cultivation techniques of high-quality and high-yield upland rice on the basis of selecting varieties to adapt to the local area, and further improve the technology to match the improved varieties and methods so as to achieve the goal of high yield, high quality and high efficiency. Weed elimination is also an important link in the development of upland rice, which affects the development of upland rice to a certain extent. In the planting and management of upland rice, we should focus on the comprehensive supporting techniques such as soil preparation, sowing and chemical weeding.