Planting techniques of pollution-free Lentinus edodes

Fungal mushrooms include straw mushroom, chicken leg mushroom, Lentinus edodes, Pleurotus ostreatus and so on. Lentinus edodes is very popular with the public because of its delicious taste. The price of Lentinus edodes is high, and the planting management technology is easy to learn. It is very suitable for farmers to grow and cultivate in the autumn and winter idle season.

First, the production of bacterial bags

1. Raw material preparation: Mulberry branches, apple branches or other broad-leaved trees such as poplar, willow, paulownia and locust can be used as culture materials, as long as they are not moldy and can be used after crushing.

2. Selection of cultivation period: the best season is from late August to mid-September. The ten-day maximum temperature is less than 30 ℃, and the ten-day average temperature is 26-28 ℃.

3. The temperature requirement of Lentinus edodes bag: 1-7 days after inoculation, the bag temperature is 1-3 ℃ lower than room temperature, the room temperature can be controlled at 28-30 ℃, 7-10 days, and the temperature is 26-28 ℃. After 10-15 days, the bacterial bag began to heat up by itself, and the temperature required for bacteria transmission was 24 ℃ ~ 28 ℃. After 15 days, the self-heating of the bacterial bag was basically synchronized with the decrease of the natural temperature. If you master it properly, make rational use of ventilation, make the bacterial bag dense or sparse, and increase or reduce the number of layers, so that the whole bacterial growth period is 60-70 days (such as planting from mid-August to mid-September), basically without heating equipment, and can be successfully completed by relying on natural air temperature. to meet the requirements of basic constant temperature bacteria. In this way, it can not only reduce a lot of manpower and material resources, reduce the cost, but also achieve the goal of good bacteria, timely mushroom production, high yield, good quality and high economic benefits.

Lentinus edodes need constant temperature to grow bacteria, variable temperature to produce mushrooms. If it comes to the middle and later stage of the bacteria, the temperature must be increased artificially to meet the requirements of constant temperature bacteria. In the vast rural areas with poor infrastructure, sometimes the temperature difference is more than 5-10 ℃, which has a great influence on the growth and development of mycelium and physiological maturation, the mushroom emergence period is delayed, and the yield, quality and economic benefit are not high.

4. To win the high yield of "Sanguan": the average temperature of ten days during the ① inoculation period was no more than 28 ℃. The average ten-day temperature of ② was not less than 15 ℃ when it was taken off bag and changed color (about 60 days). During the mushroom emergence period of ③, that is, the first fruiting bodies are formed and grow above 1cm, the first crop of mushrooms must be harvested before the first cold spell in the area. In order to cultivate Lentinus edodes in bags in the vast rural areas, we must earnestly take good care of these three critical moments, otherwise the management is difficult, the cost increases, the period for producing high-quality mushrooms is short, the quality of mushrooms is poor, and the economic benefits are not high.

Practice over the past few years has proved that the cultivation period will be delayed by one month for every 10 days of postponement, and the general economic benefits will be reduced by 1/4 or 1/3. Therefore, the "three hurdles" must be put off.

5, ingredients: (1) sawdust 38.5kg, wheat bran 10kg, gypsum 1kg, sugar 0.5kg, PH 7.0-7.5, water content 55-60%. (2) sawdust 35kg, cottonseed bran 7kg, wheat bran 6.5kg, gypsum 1kg, sugar 0.5kg, PH 7.0-7.5, water content 55-60%. The above-mentioned raw materials should be weighed accurately and stirred evenly over and over again, "the material and water are not evenly mixed, and the mushroom pit is dead." Properly increasing the PH value is beneficial to prevent the pollution of miscellaneous bacteria, improve the rate of pure bacteria, promote the mycelium to decompose and utilize lignin early and produce mushrooms ahead of time. Ingredient requirements: reasonable proportion, accurate weighing, uniform mixing, a little dry do not get wet.

6. Bagging: select a special bag for edible fungi, which is a high-quality plastic bag with uniform thickness, tensile resistance and temperature resistance, withstanding temperature at 115℃ and without microholes. Cut off the growth of 60~65cm, tie it with thread at one end, and then melt it with candlelight so that there is absolutely no air leakage. Put the evenly mixed culture material into the bag, loose and tight properly, not too solid or too loose, in the middle of the bag with hand support, there is no soft feeling, and the two ends of the bag do not droop. When piercing the mouth, the culture material adhered to the mouth of the bag should be wiped clean and re-tied to prevent the contamination of miscellaneous bacteria from here. The bags should be handled gently and should not be placed directly on the ground. The sacks and woven bags should be covered below to prevent sand particles from piercing and breaking the bags, resulting in micropores, resulting in miscellaneous bacteria infection and water bags.

7. Steaming material: add enough water to the steamer, align the material bag with a good opening, and install it to the top of the pot in batches. do not arrange the material bag into the shape of "well". Fire before loading the pot, or at the same time as loading the pot. Large cigarette butts, strive to reach 100 ℃ within 4-6 hours, do not drop water after reaching 100 ℃, do not cool down, consume water 20kg per hour or so, and keep it for 20 hours (or longer), the sterilization effect can be achieved.

8. Inoculation: the inoculation room and the sterilization room are carried out in the same room, cleaned 7-10 days before use, the walls of the old room should be brushed with lime water, and the room should be wet with quicklime to dehumidify. 4 days before use, put the tools used for the pot into the room, seal the doors and windows so that the room is sealed without air leakage, light the fumigation room with 0.5~1kg sulfur in each room, and seal the door to open when feeding. Vaccination begins when the bag temperature drops to 30 ℃, and the vaccination time is best arranged in the evening and morning. Before inoculation, the door should be covered with 5~10cm thick lime, and the entry personnel must pass through lime, and the inoculators should do a good job in personal hygiene, skilled, fast, agile, and properly coordinated four people as a class, one person wiping the bag surface to make holes, one person to point the bacteria, one person to stick adhesive tape, and one person to carry. Light the alcohol lamp before vaccination, and all tools used for vaccination should be sterilized by flame. Use the whole piece of the inoculator to take out the bacteria, quickly access the hole, try not to break the bacteria, each time after receiving a bag of bacteria, the inoculator must be cauterized by alcohol lamp flame before you can take the next bag to prevent cross-infection due to strain problems.

II. Cultivation

1. Bacteria generation: the cultivation of bacteria in the bag is a serious, meticulous and complex work for a long time. It takes about 60 days from inoculation to the physiological maturity of the bag. Because Lentinus edodes is a kind of fungus with constant temperature and variable temperature, the whole period requires a constant temperature of 24 ±2 ℃, a relative humidity of less than 70%, dark light and ventilation. The germicidal temperature should be constant at 22: 26 ℃ (material temperature), never too high or too low. The effective accumulated temperature must reach more than 1200 ℃ before mushroom can be produced. The mycelial growth of 24 ℃ was the best in the early stage, and the extracellular enzyme secretion of 27-28 ℃ was the most exuberant, the ability of decomposing lignin and cellulose hemicellulose was the strongest, and it could accumulate a lot of nutrients, which was beneficial to mushroom production.

The mycelium of Lentinus edodes is sensitive to temperature stimulation. The specific measures and operation methods of bag cultivation after inoculation are as follows: 1-6 days: do not turn the bag, do not ventilate. At this time, the bag temperature is 1 ~ 3 ℃ lower than the room temperature, and the room temperature can be controlled at 28 ~ 30 ℃, which is suitable for the temperature of bacteria. After planting, the temperature is measured 3-4 times a day, the doors and windows are shaded, causing dark light in the room for about 50 days. 7-10 days: the hyphae had eaten and began to grow. On the seventh day, the mycelium was turned over for the first time to check the infection of bacteria and miscellaneous bacteria in the bag, deal with the miscellaneous bacteria in time, and fill in the missing seeds in time. Turn the pile once in the next 7-10 days, the first two times, be sure to handle it gently, and then turn the pile several times, the technique can be aggravated, enhance stimulation, ventilation 2 times 3 times a day, 30 minutes each time. 11-15 days: the mycelium has begun to grow vigorously, and the hyphae grow mainly by heat preservation to increase ventilation and turn the heap for the second time. The mycelium proliferated greatly after 16-20 days, and the room temperature could be controlled at 22-24 ℃, which was mainly heat preservation and proper ventilation. After 21 days, the mycelium of the inoculation point was continuous, and with the opening and piercing hole increasing oxygen, the self-heating of the bacterial bag could be 5-10 ℃ higher than that of the room temperature. Pay attention to ventilation and cool down in bulk.

After the mycelium is connected to each other, the main task is to turn the pile reasonably and scientifically, ventilate and adjust the temperature to meet the temperature requirements of mycelium development and basically achieve constant temperature. This work has been maintained at the end of bacterial bag culture for about 60-70 days. 50-65 days: verrucous substance was produced on the surface of the bag, brown pigment secretion increased. After 50 days, the shade of the door and window was removed and the light was stimulated to promote the physiological maturity of the bag. Before taking off the bag, the bag temperature was raised to 27-28 ℃ for 4 days, so that the mycelium decomposed and accumulated a lot of nutrients in preparation for mushroom production. After the bacterial bag culture is mature, the natural temperature is below 14 ℃ in ten days, and the color can not be changed smoothly after taking off the bag, which will affect the mushroom production in the future, so it is necessary to take the bag to change color, and when the whole bag changes color to 1/3, it can take off the bag to produce mushroom.

2. Bag removal method and matters needing attention: ① will transport the bacterial bag to the mushroom shed or a special place. ② cut the film with a sharp knife, and the blades and tangent parts were wiped and sterilized with alcohol cotton balls. The incision should not be too deep, the film should be cut, and the mycelium should not be injured. ③ bag removal is carried out in the mushroom shed, if a special color conversion site is set up, it is necessary to remove the bag, put it and cover the film at the same time to prevent the bacteria bag and film from dehydration and drying. ④ bag removal is best carried out in cloudy or sunny days, but not in windy weather. ⑤ with miscellaneous bacteria infection of the bag, do not take off the bag, take the bag to produce mushrooms. ⑥ wet the special color changing place or mushroom shed with a sprayer in advance to keep the relative humidity of the space 85%.

3. Color conversion management: color conversion is a unique characteristic of Lentinus edodes, which is the sign and physiological process of vegetative growth turning to reproductive growth and achieving weight maturity. The surface of the bag first grew a layer of white fluffy aerial hyphae, then lodged to form a thin film, and at the same time began to secrete pigment and spit out yellow water. The bag changed from white to pink, brown and purple, with metallic luster, and was called "artificial bark". The specific measures for management were as follows: 1-4 days after ① took off the bag, sealed the film, did not turn the bag, and kept the temperature 18: 22 ℃. 85% humidity shades the sun. ② 5 ~ 8 days, the mycelium surface secretes a layer of yellow to brown water droplets, at this time combined with film ventilation, spray water to the bacterial bag for two consecutive days, the first day with a spray light spray, the yellow-red water droplets washed, the second day pressure re-spray too thick brown water droplets rinse, and then cover the film when the mycelium on the surface of the bacterial bag is dry, and then cover the film, color conversion is generally completed in 8 days. From the 9th to 15th day of ③, the dry-wet difference and temperature difference were stimulated every day, and the temperature difference between day and night increased to more than 10 ℃, but a large number of mushroom buds could occur if the lowest 8 ℃ and the highest 22 ℃ were mastered continuously for 3-4 days.

4. Changing temperature to promote bud: Lentinus edodes is a kind of mushroom with low temperature and fruiting temperature. when the mycelium grows from vegetative growth to reproductive growth, the mycelium grows slowly under the condition of low temperature and large temperature difference between day and night, which promotes the accumulation of nutrients and water to form primordium. primordium formation must create a temperature difference and dry-wet difference conditions to ensure the formation of the primordium and normal development into mushroom buds. The specific measures are as follows: enlarge the temperature difference of mushroom shed, low temperature and variable temperature to accelerate bud, when the ten-day average temperature is 8-22 ℃, it is the suitable temperature for bud induction. But the temperature difference must be enlarged to more than 10 ℃, and the difference between dry and wet is 15%. After continuous treatment for 3-4 days, the silk can bind to each other to form primordia. After one or two crops of Lentinus edodes bags, the moisture in the bags should be replenished in time.

III. Harvest and standards of Lentinus edodes

After changing the color of the mushroom bag, it entered the normal management of mushroom production. When the diameter of the lid of Lentinus edodes reached 4~6cm, the umbrella was not opened, which was the best harvest standard. At this time, the quality of Lentinus edodes was the best and the commodity value was the highest. When harvesting Lentinus edodes, the roots of Lentinus edodes must be removed from the mushroom bag to prevent it from becoming infected.