Artificial cultivation of Schisandra chinensis

Schisandra chinensis is a perennial deciduous woody vine of Magnoliaceae, mainly produced in Jilin, Liaoning and Heilongjiang provinces. The quality of Schisandra chinensis produced in Jilin and Liaoning is the best, which is known as "Liao five flavors". Used in medicine with ripe fruit. Schisandra chinensis is a kind of multi-functional and multi-purpose economic plant for both medicine and food, which has the effects of tonifying qi, nourishing kidney, collecting lungs, promoting fluid, improving intelligence and calming the mind. In recent years, the supply of Schisandra chinensis falls short of demand, and the price has been rising all the way, but there is still no stock. Schisandra chinensis was mainly collected in the wild from 1970s to 1980s, and was successfully planted in Xinbin County in 1990s, but the yield was not high, and there were some problems such as unreasonable pruning and serious drug damage, which hindered the development of artificial cultivation of Schisandra chinensis.

1 sowing and raising seedlings

1.1 selection of seedling fields

Seedling fields can choose to stay away from herbicide pollution sources: loose and fertile humus soil or sandy loam land above 1km, or old ginseng land can be selected. Beds can be made according to different soil conditions, low-lying plots prone to waterlogging, Rain Water can be made into a high bed, bed height 15cm or so. Plots with high dryness and drought and less Rain Water can be made into flat beds. No matter what kind of bed, there should be a loose soil layer above 15cm, with a width of 1.2m and a length depending on the terrain. The bed soil should be raked fine, remove impurities, apply rotten barnyard manure 1 to 2 tons per mu, and mix well with the bed soil, cuddle the bed surface and sow seeds.

1.2 selection of seeds

The seeds of Schisandra chinensis had better be selected during the autumn harvest, and the ears with large and uniform fruit grains were selected for seed use, and the seeds were washed out from fresh fruits to remove the shrunken grains.

1.3 seed treatment

Outdoor treatment: the washed fresh seeds are mixed with 3 times wet sand (hold into a ball and loose) to make the water content of the sand reach 30%. Put it into a breathable nylon bag and dig a pit to bury it deeply. if the seed quantity is large, it is necessary to dig a ditch for sand storage, the ditch depth is 80cm and the width is 100cm. The ditch length can be determined according to the seed quantity, and the ditch bottom is covered with 10cm sand. Then put the mixed sand seeds into the 20cm away from the surface, and put 1 ventilated grass in each 50cm. Put 10cm thick river sand on the top of the bag and cover it with 20cm. The treatment site should choose a place with high ground so as not to soak the seeds.

1.4 sowing time and method

The seeds are usually sown in early May. Strip sowing row spacing 15cm, soil covering 2~3cm. Use 8~10kg per mu of seed, cover straw and water it with spray pot to prevent dry sprouting. The treated seeds generally take 20 to 30 days to emerge one after another. When the seedlings are about to be unearthed (expected 5 days before emergence), the covered straw should be removed in time, and Roundup herbicide should be sprayed to control weeds. Around the middle of July, it is a side soil seedling, which can be applied with diammonium per mu of 20kg. Usually loosen the soil and weed in time according to the situation in the field.

1.5 Seedling field management

Set up a scaffolding with a height of 1-1.5 m after sowing, and the suitable light transmittance at emergence is 30%-40%, which can be shaded by polypropylene sunshade net. The soil is watered when it is dry, keeping the soil moisture at 30% to 40%. Loosen the soil and weed in time, and when the seedlings grow above 10cm (about the Beginning of Autumn), you can remove the sunshade net.

2 transplanting

2.11 site selection

Choose plots far from (above 1km) herbicide pollution sources, and it is best to plant them on a large scale to reduce herbicide damage. Schisandra chinensis is a kind of fertilizer-loving plant. We should choose sandy loam land with fertile and moist soil, but not low-lying or stagnant water, deep humus layer and good drainage. Schisandra chinensis growing in low-lying land is not only limited in production, but also often frozen and pulled out in winter, resulting in dead seedlings. The plots with irrigation (spraying) water should be selected where there are conditions, so as to meet the water needs of Schisandra chinensis growth at any time.

2.2 Land preparation

For the selected plots, rake finishing should be carried out, combined with soil preparation to apply sufficient base fertilizer. Generally speaking, it is mainly rotten stable manure, and the fertilization per mu should be above 10000kg. Schisandra chinensis is a shallow root plant, manure can be scattered on the surface of the soil, and then mechanical rotary tillage is used to rake it into the soil. After the ground is finished, the bed is made according to the planting row spacing of 1.5m. The bed is 20cm high and 1m wide, and its direction is better in the north-south direction to facilitate daylighting.

2.3 transplanting

It can be transplanted in both spring and autumn, before bud germination in spring and after defoliation in autumn, generally transplanting from late April to early May. The distance between row and plant is 1.5 × 0.5m. In order to make the row and plant distance evenly, we can pull the rope to fix the hole, make a mark on the hole, and then dig into a hole with deep 30~35cm and diameter 30cm, and plant 1 plant in each hole. When planting, it is necessary to make the root system stretch, prevent the nest root and falling root, be firm after planting, pour enough water, and seal the hole with soil after the water seeps. The seedlings were checked 15 days later, and it was found that those who did not survive needed to be replenished.

3. Field management

3.1 set up a frame

The general height of scaffolding is 2m-2.3m. Practice has proved that the most economical and suitable way to build a frame is to use cement pile as column, 10 # iron wire as horizontal tension line, and then anti-aging nylon wire as traction rope for Schisandra vine to climb up. Concrete method: prefabricate triangular cement column with width of 12cm and height of 2.5m. When making a cement column, it is necessary to reserve holes or precast small piles at the top of one end of the column and 40 ~ 50cm away from the top of the other end, respectively, so as to be used for fixing the horizontal tension wire when erecting. When setting up scaffolding, cement columns can be buried along the bed on the cultivation bed with a spacing of 5m and buried in the underground 30~40cm, then the iron wire should be pulled up smoothly at the top of the column and the 10cm on the surface. The iron wire should be tightened, and the two ends of the ground should be stretched and reinforced to form a whole scaffolding. In the second year of transplanting, the branch growth of Schisandra chinensis is accelerated, at this time, the upper and lower iron lines of the scaffolding can be connected with the branches of Schisandra chinensis, and then the branches of Schisandra chinensis are slightly wound to the nylon line in a clockwise direction. then Schisandra can climb all over the scaffolding smoothly.

3.2 Irrigation, fertilization, weeding

The lack of fertilizer and water affected flower bud differentiation in the first half of the year, with more leaf buds, more male flowers and less female flowers. Especially in flowering, the lack of fertilizer and water will drop fruit. Topdressing was carried out during the growing period, generally twice a year, 40~80kg per mu of diammonium phosphate in late April and ammonium sulfate 30kg per mu at the end of June. The rooting ability of Schisandra chinensis is weak, so it should be watered frequently during drought, and sprinkler irrigation facilities can be used where possible. Ploughing and weeding is carried out according to the condition of the field to prevent soil consolidation and weed breeding.

3.3 pruning

Pruning is the key measure to ensure stable yield, which can be referred to the grape pruning method.

3.3.1 the first year after transplanting

Primary branches (seedling branches) can grow naturally, mainly strengthen fertilizer and water management, promote the growth of underground stem basal branches, and can also stubble the primary branches in the autumn of that year.

3.3.2 second year of transplanting

A large number of basal branches drilled out of the ground from the base and underground of Schisandra chinensis. At this time, two stout basal branches were selected for cultivation, and the rest were cut off.

3.3.3 cut off the tillers

In the annual growth, there will continue to be a large number of basal branches drilled out of the underground stem, should be cut off at any time, so as not to consume nutrients.

3.3.4 Control the length of branches

Generally limited to 2m, the upper branches should be pinched off in time to avoid entangling each other, affecting daylighting and inconvenient for the finishing of fruiting branches.

3.3.5 finishing fruit branches

Schisandra chinensis began to bear fruit in the third year after transplanting. Generally, a Schisandra chinensis vine can produce 10-20 fruiting branches, and 5-10 pairs of ears can be produced on each fruiting branch. At this time, the fruiting branches should be arranged properly according to the growth situation. Generally, 5-8 pairs of ears can be left on each fruiting branch, and the excess part should be cut off from the top of the fruit branch, and the amount of cutting should be flexible according to the growth situation. Pruning time is generally controlled in June, too early, the branch is in the return stage, the cut will appear "bleeding fluid" to damage the branch; too late and lose the pruning effect.

3.3.6 flat stubble

When the main vine is not growing well or the fruit is few or the branches are aging, it can be treated with flat stubble, and the sturdy basal branches can be selected for cultivation the following year.

3.4 Prevention of frost injury

Artificial cultivation of Schisandra chinensis, due to early germination in spring, sometimes suffered frost injury, easy to cause flower bud shedding, did not bear fruit in the same year. Preventive measures: artificial water spraying, that is, the installation of water spraying facilities in advance, when frost comes, spray water in time, the general freezing injury can be resolved. It is also possible to cover the root bed of Schisandra chinensis with crop straw in late autumn, postpone the germination time of Schisandra chinensis, or cover it with a sunshade net before April 15, so that the flowering time of Schisandra chinensis can be delayed to avoid the final frost period to prevent frost injury.

4 Diseases and their control

4.1 Leaf blight

From late May to early July, the disease first dried up from the leaf tip or edge, gradually expanded to the whole leaf surface, dried up and fell off, and then the fruit shrunk, resulting in early fruit drop. The disease is serious when there is high temperature and humidity and poor ventilation. Methods of prevention and treatment: the same amount of Bordeaux solution was sprayed once from 7 to 10 days, and 500 times of thiophanate or methyl topiramate could be sprayed when the disease occurred.

4.2 Fruit rot

The fruit has brown or black dots on the surface and becomes black later. Control method: spray 500 times 600 times of 50% Dysenamine once every 10 days, 3 times continuously for 4 times.

4.3 powdery mildew and black spot

They are two common diseases of Schisandra chinensis, which usually occur in the first ten days of June. the initial periods of these two diseases are similar and can be controlled at the same time. Spray 1 ∶ 1 ∶ Bordeaux solution once in late May to prevent the disease. If no illness occurs, spray once every 7 to 10 days. Control methods: powdery mildew was sprayed with 0.3-0.5 °stone-sulfur mixture or 800-fold solution of methyl topiramate wettable powder, and black spot was sprayed with mancozeb 50% wettable powder 600-fold 800-fold solution. If the two kinds of diseases show a development trend, the mixture of powder and mancozeb can be used for one-time sexual control. The concentration can still be used at the concentration mentioned above.

4.4 Leaf worms

The damage of larvae occurred from July to August. The adults are dark yellowish brown, winged 25~27cm, the larvae are yellow-white at first and then green. The first instar larvae bite the mesophyll, and after the 3rd instar, they spin and roll leaves to feed, which affects the fruit development of Schisandra chinensis, and causes fruit drop in serious cases, resulting in reduced yield. Control method: spray 80% trichlorfon 1000-1500 times liquid, and control larvae with 40% dimethoate EC 1000-1500 times liquid after rolling leaves.

5 harvesting and processing

It was harvested from late August to early October and picked as it matured. Handle it gently when picking to ensure the quality of the goods. It can be insolated or dried during processing. When drying, the room temperature is about 60 ℃ at the beginning, when Schisandra chinensis is semi-dry, it is reduced to 40-50 ℃, when it is 80% dry, it is moved to the outdoor sun to be fully dry, rub the fruit stalk, and pick out the black grains for storage, with a drying rate of 25%.