Pollution-free cultivation of Grifola frondosa in the wild

The annual accumulation of crop straw and forest by-products is huge, which provides sufficient raw materials for the production of edible fungi. How to produce pollution-free, safe and high-quality pollution-free edible mushroom products is an important issue facing the edible mushroom industry. According to the national production technical standard of pollution-free edible fungi, the pollution-free cultivation techniques of Grifola frondosa in the wild are introduced as follows.

Optimized cultivation sites and raw materials edible fungi have a strong ability to enrich harmful heavy metals, so it is necessary to optimize cultivation sites and raw materials to minimize the accumulation of harmful substances caused by cultivation places and raw materials. The cultivation site was selected by ①. The cultivation site should be in smooth air and wide around, far away from the main traffic roads, industrial and mining enterprises, livestock farms, hospitals and other pollution sources, the air quality meets the national atmospheric environmental quality standards, and the water quality of the water source is clean and pollution-free. The cultivation materials were selected by ②. Cotton husk, sawdust, corncob, rice straw and fungus bran, which are fresh, mildew-free, pest-free and rich in cellulose and hemicellulose, are selected as main materials, and wheat bran, corn meal and humus soil are used as auxiliary materials. The main and auxiliary materials should not use high residual pesticides and the content of heavy metals should not exceed the standard one month before harvest, and the aged materials should be exposed to the sun for 2 to 3 days before use, so as to kill molds and insect eggs and reduce the base number of miscellaneous bacteria and diseases and insects.

Standardize the operation of cultivation process ① cultivation period. The arrangement of cultivation season is closely related to the yield and quality of Grifola frondosa. The time of seed production and bag production should be arranged according to the local climate. Grifola frondosa is a medium temperature type fungus, which is mostly cultivated in spring and autumn. In northern China, mushrooms are usually planted in spring from April to June and from November to December in autumn. In southern China, mushrooms are usually planted in spring from March to April and from November to December in autumn. It takes about 55 days from inoculation to mushroom production, so the time of making bacteria bag should be about 2 months earlier than the optimum time. ② medium formula. Grifola frondosa is suitable for a variety of raw materials, but the effect of broad-leaved sawdust and cottonseed shell is the best. Adding appropriate amount of humus to the culture material is more suitable for the growth of Grifola frondosa, and can increase the incidence of fruiting body. Four recipes are provided here. First, 77% sawdust, 10% wheat bran, 10% corn meal, 1% sucrose, 1% gypsum powder, 1% calcium carbonate. Second, miscellaneous wood shavings 44%, cotton husk 44%, wheat bran 10%, sucrose 1%, gypsum powder 1%. Third, 40% sawdust, 30% cotton husk, 10% wheat bran, 8% corn meal, 10% hillside soil, 1% sucrose and 1% gypsum powder. Fourth, cotton husk 60%, wheat bran 20%, bean cake powder 8%, vegetable garden soil 10%, sucrose 1%, gypsum powder 1%. The water content is controlled at 60%-65%, and the pH value is 5.5-6.5. ③ was bagged and sterilized. Most of the cultivation bags are polypropylene plastic bags of 16 cm × 30 cm × 0.03 cm. Mix the raw materials according to the formula, add water and adjust the water content, stir well and put it into a plastic bag. When bagging, you must be careful not to crush or pierce the bag, press the medium and smooth the surface to make holes in the material (for breathability), put on the plastic ring, and then plug the cotton stopper. After bagging, the pot should be sterilized in time, and the high pressure sterilization should be kept for 10 hours. ④ was inoculated with bacteria. The strains with high yield and high quality were selected and inoculated according to aseptic operation. After inoculation, put it in the bacteria room, keep it warm for 25-28 ℃, indoor relative humidity 60%-70%, culture away from light, aerate 1-2 times a day. 15 days later, scattered light was added and ventilation was strengthened. The temperature was 22: 25 ℃. After 30 days, the hyphae grew all over the bottom of the bag, and the skin was formed on the surface, which could enter the management of mushroom production.

Imitate the ① excretion time of wild mushrooms. After the mycelium is full, take off the plastic bag and arrange the sticks neatly in the pre-dug border. The biological efficiency of this soil-covered cultivation form can reach 100%-120%, which is much better than that of bag mushroom production. The best discharge period of Grifola frondosa is from November to the end of April of the following year. ② method of bacteria excretion. Dig a pit with a width of 45 cm 55 cm, a length of 2.5 cm and a depth of 25 cm in the selected cultivated woodland, the distance between the pits is 60 cm 80 cm, and the drainage ditch is repaired in the middle. After the trench is dug, first irrigate a flood of water, after water infiltration, spread a layer of lime powder at the bottom and side of the ditch to increase calcium and disinfection. Peel off the good bacteria bag, put the sticks horizontally and vertically in the ditch, the adjacent sticks should be close together, and there should be a gap between every four sticks. 4-5 rows of bacterial sticks can be discharged in the ditch. Then sprinkle a layer of fresh plant ash on the surface of the border bed in order to increase fertilizer and inhibit the growth of miscellaneous bacteria, which can increase the yield by more than 10%.

Scientific management of ① moisture in mushroom production. When the natural temperature is more than 15 ℃, water should be irrigated once in the border, and the amount of water should be 2cm without the border, and then sprayed once in the morning, in the middle and in the evening, and sprayed into the space as far as possible. If the weather is dry, water it every 5-7 days. When spraying water in low temperature season, it is best to use warm water that has been basked in the sun to keep warm. ② temperature. The suitable temperature for fruiting body growth of Grifola frondosa was 16-20 ℃. When the temperature is low, the time of direct sunlight on the border should be extended during the day, and strict grass curtains should be covered at night. When the temperature is high, cover the grass curtain when the temperature is high during the day, and open the grass curtain to grow in the open air at night. ③ ventilation. Attention should be paid to ventilation in the greenhouse during the growing period of Grifola frondosa fruit body. When the weather is warmer, open the grass curtain and ventilate for 2-3 hours every day. Pay attention to low temperature and windy weather should be less ventilation, morning and evening before and after spraying appropriate ventilation. The differentiation period of mushroom buds is less ventilated and more moisturizing, and the growing period of mushroom buds is more ventilation to promote evaporation. ④ illumination. In order to keep the growth of Grifola frondosa with stable scattered light, the suitable light intensity is 200 ~ 500 lux. Dry for 1-2 hours every morning and evening to increase weak direct light, avoid strong direct light during the mushroom period, and do not remove the straw curtain for easy operation. The four factors of light, temperature, water and gas must be carried out in coordination. It is easy to cause deformed mushrooms in an uncoordinated environment.

Pest control ① pest control. Grifola frondosa has a long mushroom emergence period and is prone to diseases and insect pests, so it is necessary to adhere to the principle of "prevention first and comprehensive control". To create the best growth environment conditions suitable for the growth of Grifola frondosa to ensure the robust growth of Grifola frondosa. Promote biological control: the preparation of culture materials can use plant fungicides and plant pesticides, such as perilla, Compositae plant pyrethrum, woody oil plant rapeseed and other plant pesticide insecticides and acaricides. Parasitic nematodes are used to control fleas, gall mosquitoes and eye mosquitoes. Physical control: the cultivation site is sterilized by 30 watts of ultraviolet radiation or ozone sterilizer. Always keep the environment clean and disinfect with lime powder. Strict scientific use of drugs: when it is really necessary to use chemical pesticides, we should choose pesticides that have been registered on edible fungi, such as carbendazim and carbendazim. The medicine should be used after the mushroom is not produced or after each tide mushroom is harvested. ② emergency prevention and control measures. Emergency control measures should be taken sometimes for the diseases and insect pests occurred in the cultivation of Grifola frondosa: green mold is the most easy to occur and the most harmful miscellaneous bacteria. Once it occurs, the yield of the light ones will be greatly reduced and the heavy ones will not be harvested. When a local infection is found, the infected site is usually dug up and sprinkled with a small amount of lime water to moisten the new soil. When there are many infected sites, 5% ash water can be used to irrigate the border surface once. When insect pests such as bacteria and flies are found, plant ash should be sprinkled on the border surface, and low-toxic and efficient pesticides should be used to kill insects without residual poison. In the hot season, when there are slime-like bacteria sticks on the border surface, spray the bed surface with 1% bleach solution to inhibit bacteria. ③ strengthens product quality inspection. After harvesting, the fresh mushrooms should remove material roots and impurities, and be inspected in accordance with the quality inspection rules of pollution-free edible mushroom products. after they are qualified, they should be packed in accordance with the requirements of pollution-free packaging, and pollution-free signs should be posted.