How to cultivate Edible Fungi without pollution

Production environment is pollution-free

Strain plants, culture rooms, mushroom rooms or mushroom sheds should be built in high terrain, convenient drainage and irrigation, no factory pollution or garbage dump around, away from livestock and poultry houses, feed depots and toilets.

Raw materials are pollution-free

Various raw materials for the cultivation of edible fungi, such as cotton husk, straw, sawdust, wheat bran, etc., should be dry, free from mildew and moth, and should not be contaminated or mixed with other pollutants. The chemicals used such as gypsum, calcium carbonate and urea should be pure, and fake and shoddy products should not be used.

Culture material treatment

First, the culture materials should be fermented at high temperature to cultivate Pleurotus ostreatus, Agaricus blazei Murrill, Coprinus comatus and so on. There are two kinds of high temperature fermentation: primary fermentation and secondary fermentation. In order to ensure the quality of culture materials and increase the yield of edible fungi, the method of secondary fermentation is the best. The secondary fermentation method is to pile up the culture material outdoors and turn the pile when the temperature in the pile rises to 65 ℃. The fermentation time is 12-15 days, and it needs to be turned over 3 times. This stage is called pre-fermentation. Then transfer the pre-fermented culture material into the mushroom room, pile it on the bed frame, close the doors and windows of the mushroom room, heat it with steam or coal fire, raise the temperature in the mushroom room to 62 ℃ in 2-6 hours, and keep it for 5-8 hours, then lower the temperature to 50 ℃, and maintain it for 4-7 days, this stage is called post-fermentation.

Second, the culture materials should be sterilized at high temperature. many edible mushrooms must be sterilized at high temperature before they can be successfully cultivated, such as Lentinus edodes, Pleurotus ostreatus, Auricularia auricula and so on. The high temperature sterilization of culture materials can be divided into atmospheric pressure sterilization and high pressure sterilization. Atmospheric pressure sterilization is to put the culture material into the steamer, when the temperature in the pot reaches 100 ℃, keep it for 12-16 hours, using high temperature to achieve the purpose of sterilization; high-pressure sterilization is to stack the bagged culture materials in a high-pressure sterilizer, waiting for the pot temperature to rise to 121℃ ~ 126℃, maintain 2 hours, use high temperature and high pressure to sterilize thoroughly.

Raw material cultivation some edible mushrooms are cultivated directly without fermentation or sterilization, such as Pleurotus ostreatus, Flammulina velutipes and so on. But the cultivation of raw materials can only be carried out in the low temperature season. The cultivation of raw materials in our province should be after the middle of October. At the same time, the cultivation materials should be mainly cotton husks, mixed with lime water, and no pesticides should be added.

Water requirement

The water used for the cultivation of edible fungi includes the water mixed with the culture material, the water used for spraying the mushroom room and the water for soaking the mushroom barrel, which requires that the water quality is pollution-free and had better meet the standard of drinking water.

Pollution-free production of bacteria

The environment for producing bacteria, including inoculation room, culture room, strain storage room and its surrounding environment, should be clean and hygienic and far away from pollution sources. The strain factory should have the basic equipment to produce the strain, and the production process of the strain should be standardized, and the production should be carried out by the three-stage expansion method, and the original seed should not be expanded with the original seed or the cultivated seed should be expanded. The number of generations should be controlled in maternal production, which should be limited to 3 or 4 generations. The cultivated strains should be in line with the characteristics of the varieties, pure strains, strong mycelium growth, no miscellaneous bacteria and diseases and insect infections, and moderate bacteria age. Aging bacteria, degraded bacteria and bacteria with weak growth or other adverse phenomena should be discarded.

Bacteriological period management

The main purpose of seedling management is to control the temperature and humidity of the culture room so as to create good conditions for mycelium growth. The suitable temperature for mycelium growth of most edible fungi is 25 ℃ ~ 27 ℃. Therefore, 1-3 days after inoculation, the temperature was controlled at 26 ℃ ~ 27 ℃, and then with the growth of mycelium, the indoor temperature gradually decreased to 22 ℃ ~ 25 ℃. The relative air humidity in the culture room is controlled below 70%. Within 7 days after inoculation, ventilated once a day for 20 to 30 minutes each time. Increase the ventilation volume and prolong the ventilation time after 7 days. In the process of producing bacteria, turn the pile once every 7-10 days to make the mycelium grow evenly. Due to the acceleration of mycelium growth, the enhancement of metabolic activity and the increase of self-heat production of mycelium, it is easy to burn the mycelium if it is not managed properly and the heap temperature rises. Attention should be paid to turn over the pile and evacuate the bacterial bag, at the same time strengthen ventilation and reduce indoor temperature. One to five days after inoculation, it is a dangerous period to be infected with miscellaneous bacteria, so various effective measures should be taken to prevent miscellaneous bacteria infection. The culture room should be cleaned and thoroughly disinfected before feeding. The ground and aisle should be sprinkled with lime. Spray disinfectants regularly after feeding, and install window screens on doors, windows and vents to prevent pests from entering and maintain ventilation in the culture room.

Mushroom period management

The fruiting period is managed according to the conventional management method, that is, the temperature, humidity, light and other conditions are adjusted to make various conditions suitable for the growth and development of fruiting bodies. However, hormones and chemical pesticides should not be applied during the growth of fruiting bodies. After each harvest, the dead mushroom and residual mushroom fragments on the material surface and the ground should be thoroughly removed, and the old mycorrhiza, mycorrhizal skin and pollutants on the culture material or covered soil should also be cleaned up. Contaminated bags or waste should be disposed of far away from the mushroom house.

Pest control

First, purify the environment, do a good job in the sanitation of the culture room, mushroom room and its surrounding environment, always keep it clean, and reduce the number of diseases and insect pests in the environment to the lowest level.

Second, the age-appropriate bacteria with good yield, strong resistance, strong mycelium growth and rapid growth should be selected for the selection of excellent bacteria. In the competition with miscellaneous bacteria, this kind of bacteria can first occupy the material surface and effectively inhibit the occurrence of miscellaneous bacteria and insect pests.

Third, scientific management in the process of cultivation and management of edible fungi, every link should be standardized. According to the characteristics of different mushrooms, as far as possible to create suitable conditions for their growth, often observe the occurrence of diseases and insect pests, to achieve early detection, early prevention and control.

4. Comprehensive prevention and control when insect pests occur, trapping or trapping methods should be adopted as far as possible. Making use of the phototaxis of pests, black light and mosquito killing lamp were used to trap and kill. The prevention and control of bacterial mites can be trapped by bait, stir-fry rapeseed cakes or other cakes, sprinkle them on gauze, or soak the gauze in sugar or vinegar, then cover the affected area with gauze. When mites gather on gauze to feed, remove gauze and put it in boiling water to kill mites, and the control effect is quite good. Larger pests such as slugs and tide bugs can be hunted and killed artificially. Plant ash and tobacco can also be scattered in the affected area, which can prevent both diseases and insect pests. In general, chemical drugs are effective in the control of diseases and insect pests, but when chemical pesticides are applied to edible fungi, drugs with high efficiency, low toxicity and low residues, such as carbendazim, should be selected. However, chemical pesticides can not be applied in the mushroom emergence stage, but can be applied before or after picking mushrooms.