Production and cultivation techniques of Schisandra chinensis

Schisandra chinensis, alias Schisandra chinensis, is a perennial deciduous woody vine. In recent years, the market prospect at home and abroad has good economic and social benefits. The cultivation techniques are summarized as follows for reference and reference.

First, the growth environment and morphological characteristics. In the seedling stage, Schisandra chinensis needs moderate shade and likes humus soil with good ventilation and light, deep soil or loose and fertile loam.

Schisandra chinensis is a perennial woody vine with deciduous leaves turning to the left, with a height of 10-15 meters and a general height of 4-8 meters. Schisandra chinensis likes to be born in moist soil without stagnant water, likes wet but does not tolerate flooding, likes light and does not like strong light. Old rattan bark dark brown, young rattan sauce red or light yellow, lenticels obvious; simple leaves alternate, petiole red when young, leaf blade broadly Obovate to broadly elliptic, margin sparsely toothed; bud mixed; flowers monoecious, petals ligulate, axillary, with long stalk drooping: fruit is aggregate berry, fleshy, spike-shaped slightly globose when mature, wrinkled after drying; seed kidney-shaped yellow surface smooth, seed oil. The main root is inconspicuous, rhizome, cross the ground, there are nodes, there are leaves and buds on the nodes, distributed in 5-15 cm underground, once exposed to the ground, develop into branches and vines.

II. Biological characteristics

1. Phototropism: except for one-year-old seedlings who are afraid of hot sun exposure, they all like plenty of sunshine. The light is insufficient, the growth is slow, and the fruit rate decreases.

2. Shade tolerance: it can grow for a long time without death under the condition of low light. Therefore, the suitable shade degree during the growth period is about 20%.

3. Cold tolerance: Schisandra chinensis can survive the winter safely at minus 35 ℃. At minus 40 ℃, it can only slightly frostbite the tip and shoots of seedlings, which basically does not affect the growth of the following year. The leaves will encounter general frost damage when they first spread in spring, and the stems will not freeze to death at about 0 ℃. After slow freezing, it can continue to grow, but the new leaves will fall off and grow into subsequent new leaves. When the early frost is encountered in autumn, the stems are not harmed and the leaves fall off one after another.

4. Like wet and afraid of drought: large leaves in seedling stage, high evaporation, not resistant to cold. Schisandra likes to be wet but also afraid of waterlogging, stagnant water low-lying land or long-term over-moist soil is not conducive to growth.

5. Regeneration: the main vine of Schisandra chinensis is in the growing or dormant period, such as the above-ground plant dies mechanically, and the underground root still survives. From May to July every year, many basal roots drill out of the ground from the roots and underground stems of Schisandra chinensis. But Schisandra chinensis seedlings do not have this characteristic.

6. The growth and development of Schisandra chinensis was dynamic: the root system of Schisandra chinensis began to germinate when the temperature reached about 6 ℃, became exuberant with flowering and young fruit expansion, and grew slowly after berry ripening. The branches of Schisandra chinensis began to grow slowly after sprouting, and grew rapidly when the temperature was about 20 ℃ in June, reached the growth peak in early July, and ended at the end of August. After the final flowering, the ovary expanded rapidly. When the temperature reached 25 ℃, the ventricle and pulp in the fruit grew vigorously, and the growth of young fruit reached the peak.

3. Seedling raising techniques

(1) sexual reproduction

⑴ seed collection: artificial collection was carried out when the seeds matured from August to late September. After harvest (or soaked in water for a few days before seed treatment), the pulp was rubbed and the blighted grains were bleached.

⑵ seed treatment: soak the seeds to be treated in water for about a week in late December to make them fully absorb water, change the water every 2 days, and remove the river sand that controls drying and disinfection. The proportion of sand planting is 1:3 and the humidity is above 60%. Then put it into a wooden box or flowerpot and put it into a pit cellar with an outdoor depth of about 50 centimeters, which is covered with fine soil 10-15 centimeters thick, and then covered with grass curtains for low temperature treatment, and can be split and sown in May of the following year.

⑶ land selection, soil preparation, bed, bottom fertilizer: select sandy soil with good drainage, loose soil and strong water retention and fertility. Turn over in autumn or spring, rake well, and make meticulous ground preparation. Apply sufficient base fertilizer and 2500 kg of rotten pig manure per mu. Make a seedling bed before sowing. The bed is 1-1.2 meters wide and 15 centimeters high. The length of the bed depends on the topography.

⑷ sowing: the seeds treated by accelerating germination were sown in spring from the end of April to the beginning of May. The sowing method was sown with horizontal strips. The seeds were evenly scattered into the ditch according to the row spacing of 10-15 cm and the ditch depth of 3-4 cm. After sowing, the seeds were covered with fine soil 2-3 cm thick. The sowing rate is 25-30 grams per square meter. Slightly suppress, flatten the border, pour water through, and cover the border with a thin layer of grass to keep the soil moist to facilitate seedling emergence.

⑸ seedling management: frequent watering is needed after sowing to keep the soil on the bed moist. The seedlings can emerge one after another after 30-40 days, and the emergence peak is in the middle of June, which basically ends in early July, and the emergence process lasts about 30 days. Remove the mulch after the seedlings are unearthed. When the seedling comes out to 60%, it is necessary to build a shed in time for shade. The height of the shade is 60-70 cm, and it is covered with grass curtain or Reed curtain. When the seedlings grow 4-5 true leaves, the shade curtain can be removed, and weeding and loosening seedlings should be carried out at the same time. The distance between seedlings should be up to 7-10 cm to cultivate large and strong seedlings. The seedbed that has been fertilized with base fertilizer can no longer be topdressing that year. If there is no base fertilizer, the first topdressing should be carried out, 20-25 grams of ammonium nitrate per square meter, and 30-40 grams of diammonium phosphate per square meter when the seedling height is about 10 centimeters. The method of fertilization is applied in a trench between rows, with a depth of 3-5 cm. The watering times should be increased appropriately after fertilization to facilitate the growth of seedlings.

(2) asexual reproduction

After the flow of liquid in the branches of Schisandra chinensis in early April, the 1-year-old branches were cut into 15 cm long cuttings, soaked in 150ppm's ABT1 rooting powder for 6 hours, and then cut in the cutting border according to the plant spacing of 3-5 cm and depth of 5 cm. Planting beds should be mixed in advance according to the proportion of 3 parts of humus soil and 1 part of sand. Sowing cuttings and border surface is 45 °, cuttings should be neat and consistent, horizontal and smooth, watered thoroughly.

IV. Nursery stock coming out and planting

1. Seedlings out of the nursery: 2-year-old seedlings with strong growth and complete lateral roots of main roots are selected for sexual reproduction. After planting, it is appropriate to slow the seedling and grow vigorously; when the Lignification of the stem of asexual propagation cuttings reaches 10-20 cm, the seedlings can rise. The seedlings should be fully watered and dug when the soil is dry, so as to ensure the quality of the seedlings. Seedlings that are not transported or can not be planted should be pseudo-planted and stored, and choose a fake planting ditch with a width of 100-150 cm, a depth of 30-50 cm and a suitable length in the plot or the original nursery, in the direction of due south and north. The roots of the seedlings are placed in a row of 40 °with the ground facing downwards to the sun. In each row, bury the roots with wet sand and press them. The upper part of the row is above the ground and covered with wet grass or grass curtains.

2. Seedling planting: it can be planted from late April to late June. Plant holes in the planting ditch that has been added, and the distance between plants is 1 meter. The rope can be connected to fix the point to keep it neat. After fixing the hole, dig a hole with a depth of 30-35 cm and a diameter of 30 cm, and plant one plant in each hole. Fill the hole with water after covering the soil firmly, and seal the hole with soil after the water seeps. The seedlings were checked and replanted in 15 days.

V. Field management

1. Irrigation and fertilization: Schisandra likes fertilizer and water, and needs to supply sufficient water and nutrients during the growing period. After survival, we should often irrigate to keep the soil moist, and irrigate once before freezing to facilitate overwintering. Topdressing is carried out twice a year, the first time before leaf expansion in the middle and late May, and the second in the flower bud differentiation period in the first and middle of July. Compound fertilizer 35 kg, potassium sulfate 10 kg, diammonium phosphate 15 kg per mu. The method of fertilization is to open a circular ditch with a depth of 15-20 cm at a distance of 30 cm from the root and cover the soil after applying fertilizer. At the same time, autumn fertilization was carried out every autumn, with 2500 kg of high-quality barnyard manure per mu, 15-20 cm deep at 30 cm from the plant on both sides of the plant, and then covered with soil.

2. Scaffolding: set up fights in the second year after planting, or in the same year. The scaffolding uses hardwood poles of 2.6 meters long and 8-12 centimeters in diameter (preferably cement columns) to bury a column every 10 meters between rows and 20 centimeters away from the fixed plant, draw the first horizontal line at the buried depth of 50 centimeters, and pull one up every 50 centimeters. The iron wire should be straightened and tied to the post with wire (the cement column can be fixed in advance during pouring). Then set up a bamboo pole with a length of 220-240 cm and a diameter of 1.5 cm at the base of each Schisandra chinensis, which is fixed on the horizontal line with a rope.

3. Lead the vine to the shelf: according to each selected main vine, lead 1-2 main vines in the left-handed direction of each rack.

4. Pruning: it takes 3-4 years from the planting of Schisandra chinensis to the initial fruiting stage, when the main vine is selected to form the plant skeleton. Schisandra chinensis can be pruned in spring, summer and autumn. Spring pruning is carried out before branch sprouting, cutting off dense branches and withered branches, making branches densely dense and moderately non-interfering with each other; summer pruning is carried out in early May, mainly cutting off basal branches, overlapping branches and branches of diseases and insect pests, while thinning and short cutting of overdense new branches are also needed, such as light or no pruning in autumn when summer is cut properly; autumn pruning is carried out after defoliation, mainly cutting off basal branches. No matter what kind of pruning, 2-3 basal branches should be selected and introduced into the shelf.

5. Tending: weeding by ploughing is generally not recommended. Because the underground stem distribution of Schisandra chinensis is very shallow, turning the soil layer should hurt the underground walking stem and make a large number of basic branches drill out of the ground, which should be changed to clear the ditch and cover the soil. Four times a year: the first time when a large number of grass occurred in late May; the second and third times in June-July, first pulling out the big grass and then clearing the ditch to cover the soil; the fourth time in August, you only need to pull out the big grass. Through clearing ditches and covering soil, it can inhibit the growth of weeds and thicken the soil layer, so as to facilitate the growth of underground walking stems.

Sixth, pest prevention and control. ⑴ powdery mildew: often occurs in late July. In the middle of July, the patients were prevented with Bordeaux solution (1-1-1-100), once every half month, 3-4 times in a row. Once it occurs, it can be sprayed with 800-fold powder. ⑵ leaf blight: sprayed with 800x carbendazim or carbendazim. ⑶ root rot disease: often occurs from early May to late July, when the disease is irrigated with 50% carbendazim 800 times solution. Pay attention to keep the soil from stagnant water in the early stage. ⑷ foam cicada: damage often occurs in May-August. The larvae were sprayed with trichlorfon before rolling leaves and omethoate spray after rolling leaves.