How to produce seed of Edible Fungi

It is the peak season for the production of edible bacteria. Edible fungus, as a technology-intensive and labor-intensive product, is being favored by more and more farmers because of its short, flat and fast production advantages. "good planting and good seedling" is familiar to people in general agricultural production, but it is easy to be ignored in the production of edible fungi. Therefore, especially in the current situation, it is necessary to train and standardize the production technology of bacteria and determine the direction of technology research and development. Adaptive selection of strains 1. The selection and introduction of strains adapted to local climatic conditions are the basic conditions for the smooth production of edible fungi. On the one hand, because of the particularity of the strain, it is difficult for professional workers to distinguish the hyphae under ordinary conditions, and it is impossible to distinguish between mushroom farmers and their friends due to the restriction of knowledge and experience. Therefore, a considerable number of mushroom farmers can only take the signboard, strain name and price as the criteria for introduction, which promotes the popularity of fake and shoddy strains. On the other hand, it is hearsay that a certain place has a good strain, regardless of regional differences, climate differences and market differences, blind introduction, a large number of species expansion, the consequences can be imagined. The correct introduction method should be: first, select the regular seed production unit, and investigate its technical strength, equipment and testing level; secondly, carefully consult the biological characteristics of its strains, including adaptive matrix, suitable formula, adaptive temperature, occurrence and morphological characteristics of fruiting body, commodity characters, tide turning speed and growth cycle, etc., and compare it with local conditions before determining whether it can be planted. 2. Scientific research and development units and professional seed production enterprises should take the domestication and breeding of bacteria as one of the main work. Although each seed production unit can list dozens or hundreds of strain names, when it comes to a certain variety, take Pleurotus ostreatus (Pleurotus ostreatus) as an example, the so-called dozens of "varieties" are just different code names for each strain from a professional point of view, and once labeled as a "new variety," it will make mushroom farmers have a sense of novelty and a desire to buy. From a long-term point of view, similar phenomena are only short-term effects and do not substantially promote or help actual production. As a seed production unit, extensive introduction is necessary, but it is more necessary and even urgent to screen and domesticate varieties or strains adapted to local conditions from different provenances. 3. Powerful units or individuals should carry out cross breeding and wild mushroom domestication as soon as possible. Most strains are introduced, or change their name, or change their code name, but it is still not "their own thing". Therefore, the use of high-tech means to carry out cross breeding and domestication of wild resources as soon as possible can not only have their own provenances, but also increase competitiveness. Technical specification for seed production 1. First-class seed (mother) production-corresponding provenance conditions: no matter the provenance obtained through introduction, donation, preservation, separation, etc., the first condition must be to adapt to the local climatic conditions. and there are corresponding mushroom test, comparison test, as well as market recognition of the variety or strain. And the bacterial age is routinely made within 60 days. -- corresponding facilities and equipment, including operation (ingredients) room, sterilization room, hand sterilizer (portable steam disinfector), inoculation box, etc., mass production fashion requires refrigerators, microscopes and so on. -- corresponding tools and materials: including batching tools, sub-packing tools, cotton, Kraft paper and disinfection and germicidal drugs such as alcohol, formaldehyde, potassium permanganate, etc. -- corresponding operation technology: including operation technology and experience of strain production, inspection and testing. The standard of culture medium sterilization is: high pressure 0.11MPa × 0.5h (specific operation). -- the corresponding culture conditions: the general varieties should be about 25 ℃, and some varieties should be "suitable according to the species" if they are low or high. Technical points: ensuring the quality of provenances; strict aseptic operation; timely inspection and removal of impurities; timely preservation at the right temperature (the specific operation is the same as below). 2. The production of secondary species (original species): under the condition that the quality of the primary species is guaranteed, the provenance is no longer discussed as a problem. -- High-pressure steam sterilization equipment, or atmospheric pressure sterilization stoves; small seed production units can be sterilized with atmospheric pressure stoves, and medium and large units should be equipped with high-pressure sterilization equipment of corresponding volume. Necessary operating rooms, venues, clean, ventilated and well-sealed culture rooms should be adjusted at room temperature if possible. -- corresponding materials, including raw materials, seed bottles (bags), sealing film (plugs), etc. Corresponding eliminate virus drugs, including alcohol, formaldehyde, potassium permanganate and DDV, etc. Necessary tools, including ingredients, mixing, bottling (bags), transportation, vaccination, inspection and other common tools. Sterilization treatment standard: high pressure 0.15MPa × 2 hours; atmospheric pressure 100 ℃ × 8 hours. Corresponding operators: including operators in all production links, especially vaccinators, who must meet the requirements of proficiency and responsibility. -- corresponding culture conditions: species of the same class. Technical points: except for some varieties, the PH of ingredients is generally required to be between 7 and 9; when sterilized under atmospheric pressure, the time distance between bottling (bag) and sterilization should be shortened as far as possible; 3, third-level species (cultivated species, production species) production: the production of third-level species is basically the same as that of secondary species, but the production quantity has been expanded by ten times or even more, and the labor intensity has also increased, limited to space, and will not be repeated. The range of culture temperature for impurity-removing bacteria is generally 5 ℃ ~ 35 ℃, and 25 ℃ is the most suitable, but it should be determined according to the characteristics of the variety, and it can be controlled at 20 ℃ ~ 30 ℃ in actual production. As far as Shandong climatic conditions are concerned, the relative air humidity of the culture room is generally between 50% and 75%. However, proper watering should be applied in spring and ventilation should be adhered to in summer and autumn. The examination of bacteria. From the beginning of inoculation, the initial examination of grade 1 ~ 3 bacteria should be the second day, the third day and the third day, respectively, and the interval of subsequent examination should be 1 day, 2 days and 3 days, respectively. The key points of the inspection: whether the germination of the strain and the production situation of the hyphae are in line with its provenance characteristics; for any transparent, translucent or paste-like contaminated plaques (bacteria) and grade 1 species contaminated by orange, black, gray, green, yellow (fungi) on the slope, it should be removed in time, especially the timeliness of the inspection, some bacterial contamination spots can be covered by edible fungus hyphae after 1 ~ 2 days. For grade 2 ~ 3 species, the contamination of heterozygous (true) bacteria was mainly examined. Attention points: when producing in summer and autumn, it is especially necessary to strictly control the pollution of orange mold (Streptomyces), remove the miscellaneous in time, and bury it deeply in time, otherwise, once the pollution breaks out, it will lead to "total annihilation". The trend of research and development of strain production at present, the first-class seed containers are mostly small test tubes of (18 × 180) mm specification. Long-term R & D practice tells us that even if the culture medium is the same, the first-class species made of (20 × 200) mm test tubes have obvious production advantages such as early germination and early colonization because of the thick block, large amount of culture medium, rich nutrition, large inoculation and other reasons. First-class seed production should be transferred to large test tube culture as soon as possible. The traditional secondary production mostly uses waste canned bottles as containers, and its disadvantages such as bulky, fragile, inconvenient transportation, environmental pollution and so on are obvious. The "automatic oxygenation portable container secondary production technology" developed by us has completely solved the above drawbacks. Under the premise of the same weight, the number of bacteria increased by about 50% compared with the traditional species, and the production cost decreased by about 40%. It is the development direction of secondary seed production in the future. The liquefaction of bacteria is the development direction in the future. Liquid bacteria have obvious production and application advantages of large-scale production, automatic control, aseptic growth and high-speed bacteria, which has been favored by people in the industry. At present, the author's unit undertakes the research project of "liquid strains of edible fungi" in the province, and a large number of experimental studies have been carried out, and local strain production units and cultivation production units have come to visit and consult. The production of general bacteria takes only 3 days from inoculation to completion, and only 5-7 days for some high-grade varieties such as Armillaria mellea, which is the regular production time of 5-10, and because the mycelium balls are consistent after sowing, the mycelium balls are evenly distributed in the base material. Once they germinate, they "fully bloom" in the base material and quickly occupy the base material, so that the miscellaneous bacteria have no opportunity. It provides good provenance conditions for the development of edible mushroom industrialization, which is the inevitable direction of edible mushroom industrialization development.