Diseases and pests and Emergency measures in the production of Edible Fungi

In the winter of 2007, infectious diseases, physiological diseases and insect pests of edible fungi occurred seriously. the susceptible varieties also spread from Pleurotus ostreatus, Lentinus edodes, Pleurotus ostreatus, Pleurotus ostreatus, Coprinus comatus to Pleurotus ostreatus, Pleurotus eryngii, Pleurotus ostreatus, Flammulina velutipes and so on. after brief classification and arrangement, the author summarizes the main diseases and pests and their treatment measures, in order to be helpful to cultivation. Infectious disease Pleurotus ostreatus: mostly occurs in Pleurotus ostreatus, Pleurotus ostreatus, Pleurotus eryngii, Pleurotus ostreatus and other varieties. The young mushroom cap turned yellow and gradually showed an expanding trend, until the mushroom became mature, the color was aggravated, some slightly reduced, the yellow was patchy, and even spread to the whole cap. This is mainly bacterial infection, due to poor ventilation, excessive humidity, etc., resulting in infection and spread to the whole mushroom shed.

Prevention and control measures: stop spraying water, strengthen ventilation, especially in sunny weather 10 ∶ 00: 14 ∶ 00 should strengthen ventilation, and at the same time spray yellow mushroom Yipiling 400 times solution, two consecutive days, once a day, can effectively inhibit the disease. Dead mushroom: mostly occur in Pleurotus ostreatus, double spore mushroom, Ji mushroom, bailing mushroom, Pleurotus eryngii and other varieties. It showed that the mushroom bud stage was death, or the young mushroom died, and some adult mushrooms also shrunk and died. It is mainly caused by fungal infection, there are many kinds of pathogens, and most of them form cross-infection.

Prevention and control measures: clean up dead mushrooms, scrape off the material surface, spray "Baixian silly" liquid on the scraping material surface, grasp the concentration of 400 to 800 times according to the degree of the disease, and on the basis of strengthening ventilation, the bacteria can be inhibited or killed twice. Death and stickiness of mushroom body: Pleurotus ostreatus, Pleurotus ostreatus. The main performance is that the mushroom bud can be formed in large quantities, but it is difficult to differentiate, and the embryonic form of young mushroom begins to die, which is typically characterized by sticky mushroom body and foul smell. This kind of disease is caused by bacterial infection, due to serious poor ventilation and high humidity.

Prevention and control measures: remove dead mushrooms, scrape off the material surface, strengthen ventilation, reduce humidity, spray mushrooms to kill disease twice on the material surface, spray 100-disease-free solution on the ground, walls, etc., and increase the greenhouse temperature by sun exposure during the daytime. At night, strengthen ventilation to reduce temperature, widen the temperature difference, generally return to normal management in about 7 days. Miscellaneous bacteria are serious: all varieties occur, especially the bacterial bags after the second tide mushroom or the bacterial bags in the bacterial stage, mainly Trichoderma, Aspergillus and so on. The northern region has entered the winter management, the airtight and high wet environment makes the miscellaneous bacteria germinate and spread; Flammulina velutipes in Shandong and other places, and tea mushrooms in the south such as Sichuan and Chongqing are more outstanding.

Prevention and control measures: strengthen ventilation, remove the bacterial bag infected with miscellaneous bacteria from the mushroom shed, mix it with about 300 times of hundred diseases, wash the bacterial bag, and then culture it separately. Under the suitable temperature, when no miscellaneous bacteria occur again in about 10 days, it can be moved into the mushroom shed for normal management. White problems: mostly occur in varieties such as Flammulina velutipes. The main manifestation of the disease is that the material surface and mushroom body are surrounded by white cotton fluffy fungus. In severe cases, there are dense white hairs on the walls and floor of the mushroom shed, and the mushroom body gradually turns brown and rotten from the base, and mushroom buds occur in the later stage. The disease is a cotton rot disease, the bacteria like to breed under the conditions of high carbon dioxide concentration, high humidity and stable temperature, but the pathogens are extremely drug-resistant.

Prevention and control measures: generally on the basis of strengthening ventilation, spraying clear water can also restrain the spread after picking off diseased mushrooms. In actual production, the 500 times liquid of Baixian silly can be used and sprayed on the mushroom shed for 1 to 2 times, combined with ventilation, it can be killed. Physiological disease dead mushroom: this is the most common symptom in the cultivation and production of raw materials such as Pleurotus ostreatus and Pleurotus ostreatus. The main manifestations are as follows: the number of buds of Pleurotus ostreatus is normal, but die quickly, some die after yellowing, dead mushrooms are not smelly and sticky, isolation and culture are free of pathogens, two-tide mushrooms are difficult to occur, even if there are sporadic, marginal appearance, and most of them are difficult to grow up. Many mushroom farmers treat it as a disease, but it is useless to use all the medicines and solutions that can be found. The reason is that the disease is not the same as the dead mushroom of infectious disease. The disease is a physiological problem, the main reason is that the bacteria are burned during the germ period, especially in the low temperature season, they are used to big stomping and thick covering, and some places in Shandong and other places are covered with thermal insulation and external plastic film to let them grow. The initial stage in the bag is about 15 ℃, and the strain germinates, colonizes and expands. With the increase of biomass, the temperature in the bag continues to gather and rise, but can not be distributed, after reaching 20 ℃. The development of mycelium was accelerated, and the product temperature (temperature in the bag) and the temperature between the bags increased sharply. Once the temperature reached 30 ℃, the burning bacteria formed and could not be recovered. The results of the author's investigation show that the low temperature season is the main season for burning bacteria, and the higher the temperature is, the more people pay attention to it, so there is basically no burning bacteria. Once burning bacteria occur, there is no medicine available, the light can barely produce a small amount of mushrooms, in exchange for the cost, and the heavy ones can only be used as organic fertilizer after treatment.

Prevention and control measures: the yard stomp can be carried out, but the temperature must be controlled at any time. When reaching or approaching 25 ℃, you must immediately stack and dissipate the temperature. Do not let nature take its course just because you are busy, which leads to the occurrence of burning bacteria. No mushroom: this problem also occurs in the cultivation of raw materials. The basic reason is burning bacteria, one is burning bacteria during the period of bacteria, the other is wall cultivation after a tide of mushrooms, and burning bacteria occur in the recovery period of mycelium. Clinker cultivation also occurs, mainly concentrated in bacterial wall cultivation. Border planting also occurs, and the main topic is burning bacteria.

Prevention and control measures: generally do not do wall cultivation or border planting in production. When it must be done, it should be strictly observed that when the product temperature reaches about 25 ℃, corresponding measures need to be taken, otherwise, burning bacteria is more likely to occur. Insect pests and mites: most of them occur on Pleurotus ostreatus, and some Pleurotus ostreatus are also found. The basic symptom is that "it is difficult to send bacteria and return bacteria". Some bacteria are not finished in more than 40 days, and the surface hyphae are less and less, but they are often ignored as diseases.

Control measures: spraying acaryl alcohol, triclofenac sulfone or other acaricidal drugs on the border, then covering the plastic film to make the drugs concentrate in a small space, and can also cooperate with the use of aluminum phosphide drugs, but pay attention to safety, it is best to use the drugs under the guidance of technicians. Mushroom mosquitoes: almost all varieties can occur, but most of them are Pleurotus ostreatus, Pleurotus ostreatus, Coprinus comatus and so on, which may be related to the large cultivation area of these varieties. The basic damage symptoms are similar to those of mites, but the obvious difference is that the white larvae can be seen by opening the substrate, the mushroom mosquito larvae are slightly smaller and the mushroom fly larvae are slightly larger.

Control measures: fumigate and kill according to the amount of 4 pieces of aluminum phosphide per cubic meter of space. In the specific operation, one piece of plastic film per 2m border surface of Pleurotus ostreatus can be put and covered with plastic film, and the amount of 3 pieces of bacteria bag per 200kg dry material can be packed into a large bag made of wide double-layer plastic film, and it can be ventilated after being sealed for about 6 to 8 hours. Similarly, it is best to have on-site guidance from technicians in the use of the drug. Nematodes: mostly occur in Pleurotus ostreatus, Pleurotus ostreatus, Pleurotus ostreatus and other varieties. The main performance is to invade the fruiting body, go deep into the fold space, absorb the nutrition and water of mushrooms, and destroy its commerciality; the pest seems to be more rampant in the lower temperature conditions, in fact, it is because of the large number of cultivation in this season.

Prevention and control measures: 2% to 6% of salt water washing bacteria bags or continuous spraying border surface, can also be effective. 5% formaldehyde spraying, but involving residue issues, generally not recommended.