Chemical constituents, efficacy and Pharmacological Action of Ganoderma lucidum

Ganoderma lucidum [Ganodermalucidum (Fr.) Karst] is a fungus of the genus Ganoderma lucidum, which has been known as "immortal grass" and "auspicious grass" since ancient times. it is a precious traditional Chinese medicine in traditional Chinese medicine, which has a long medicinal history and high medicinal value in our country. The Eastern Han Dynasty (Shennong Materia Medica Sutra) lists Ganoderma lucidum as the top grade, believing that "eating for a long time, being light and not old, and prolonging the years of immortals". Modern medicine has proved that Ganoderma lucidum contains a variety of physiologically active substances, which can regulate and enhance human immunity. The latest research shows that Ganoderma lucidum also has the effects of anti-fatigue, beauty, anti-aging and prevention and treatment of AIDS. The 2000 edition (Pharmacopoeia of the people's Republic of China) contains the fruit body of Ganoderma lucidum (Ganoderma lucidum, Ganoderma lucidum) as legal traditional Chinese medicine. At present, the international medical community also attaches great importance to the research and development of Ganoderma lucidum. Ganoderma lucidum was published in the United States in 2000 (American Herbal Pharmacopoeia and treatment Summary). So far, the book contains 10 kinds of traditional Chinese medicine or herbs, and Ganoderma lucidum is one of them.

1 chemical constituents and their effects

Up to now, nearly 200 compounds have been isolated from Ganoderma lucidum. Laboratory and clinical studies have revealed that these compounds are the pharmacological active components of Ganoderma lucidum, an ancient and precious traditional Chinese medicine. Japan, the United States and other developed countries have also carried out research and development and clinical verification of Ganoderma lucidum. The biological, physicochemical and medical functions of Ganoderma lucidum have been recognized by the world medical community.

1.1 Trace elements Ganoderma lucidum fruiting body contains a variety of trace elements, including manganese, magnesium, calcium, copper, germanium, strontium, zinc, iron, beryllium, boron, chromium, nickel, vanadium, titanium and so on. Ganoderma lucidum has a strong ability to enrich germanium, and the content of organic germanium is 4-6 times that of ginseng and 100 times that of Chinese wolfberry. Organic germanium can smooth blood circulation, increase the oxygen-carrying capacity of red blood cells, delay aging, and can combine with pollutants and heavy metals in the body to form germanium compounds out of the body, and adjust the abnormal potential of the human body to inhibit the deterioration of the disease.

1.2 Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharides is one of the effective components of Ganoderma lucidum, and it is the main component to improve the long-term immune function and strengthen the foundation of Ganoderma lucidum. Many kinds of pharmacological activities of Ganoderma lucidum are mostly related to Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharides, and more than 200 species have been isolated. Now it is known that Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharides have a wide range of pharmacological activities, which can improve body immunity and hypoxia tolerance, eliminate free radicals, inhibit tumor, resist radiation, improve the synthesis of DNA, RNA and protein in liver, bone marrow and blood, prolong life and so on.

1.3 triterpenes are one of the main chemical components of Ganoderma lucidum. Up to now, 103 new triterpenes have been isolated from Ganoderma lucidum fruiting body and spore powder. The outstanding ones are ganoderol, ganoderaldehyde and ganoderic acid, among which more than 100 kinds of ganoderic acid have been isolated. Ganoderma lucidum acid has strong pharmacological activities, such as relieving pain, sedation, detoxification, protecting liver, poisoning tumor cells, inhibiting the release of histamine, improving the function of digestive organs and reducing cholesterol, triglyceride and β-lipoprotein in blood. Thus, it can inhibit platelet coagulation, help blood circulation, eliminate thrombosis, promote blood circulation, adjust vascular pressure, increase metabolism, and make the body balanced and healthy. Japan attaches great importance to the content of ganoderic acid in Ganoderma lucidum commodities, especially the content of ganoderic acid A, B, C and D. They think that the higher the content of Ganoderma lucidum acid, the better the quality of Ganoderma lucidum products.

1.4 nucleosides are a kind of water-soluble components with a wide range of physiological activities. Yu Jingguang et al isolated five nucleosides from the mycelium of Ganoderma lucidum, among which Ganoderma lucidum purine is a new compound. Shimiz et al also obtained four nucleosides from the fruiting body of Ganoderma lucidum. Studies have shown that these substances can inhibit excessive platelet aggregation, reduce blood viscosity, improve human blood circulation, and have a good anticoagulant effect on elderly people with thick blood or blood stasis tendency. It can prevent the occurrence of thrombosis such as cerebral thrombosis and myocardial infarction.

1.5 sterols in Ganoderma lucidum are active substances extracted from fat-soluble isolates of Ganoderma lucidum. The content of sterols is relatively high, only the content of ergosterol is about 3 ‰. It is known that there are nearly 20 kinds of sterols isolated from Ganoderma lucidum. These fatty acids can significantly inhibit 45Ca uptake and histamine release by mast cells induced by A23187, and have the effect of membrane stabilization, so they can achieve the effect of anti-allergy.

1.6 the content of alkaloids in Ganoderma lucidum is low, but some of them have important physiological activities. Betaine and N-amidinylglycine are used to treat myasthenia gravis clinically, which can improve coronary blood flow, reduce myocardial oxygen consumption, enhance myocardial and body tolerance to hypoxia and lower cholesterol. It has a certain therapeutic effect on cardio-cerebrovascular diseases, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, hepatitis and myasthenia. It has a strong effect on the cardiovascular system, can increase coronary blood flow, improve myocardial anti-hypoxia ability, and reduce the oxygen consumption of the whole animal. These compounds provide a solid and reliable material basis for the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases such as coronary heart disease and stroke. In addition, it can protect and activate cells damaged by ischemia and other reasons.

1.7 Furan derivatives in Ganoderma lucidum furan derivatives were obtained from the ethanol extract ethyl acetate of fermented Ganoderma lucidum mycelium by silica gel column chromatography.

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