Varieties of Longjing tea

Longjing tea is a treasure of tea, and "Xihu Longjing Tea" is famous for its "green color, fragrance, mellow taste and beautiful shape". The quality characteristics of high-grade Longjing tea are as follows: the appearance is quite sharp, flat and smooth, Miao Feng is exposed, the color is green and slightly yellow, the aroma is high, fresh and quiet, the taste is sweet and fresh, the soup color of apricot green is clear and bright, and the bottom of the leaf is tender and even into flowers. Because Longjing tea has a unique style, strict quality requirements and strong seasonality, it is also very particular about the choice of varieties. Generally speaking, the varieties suitable for Longjing tea should have the following main characteristics: ① germinated early. The selling price of Longjing tea market is different every other day, and there is a great disparity between the morning and evening returns on the market. For example, the price of Longjing tea before Ming Dynasty is about 10 times that of Longjing tea before rain. Therefore, the sooner the Longjing tea varieties germinate, the better. The bud leaves of ② are narrowly long and hairless. The bud of spring tea is longer than that of leaf, and the angle between bud and leaf is small. The first spreading length of one bud and two leaves of super tea is 2~3cm, which is beneficial to the shape of Longjing tea. ③ phenolamine is relatively low. That is, the ratio of tea polyphenols to amino acids should be appropriate. Tea polyphenols are important substances that determine the concentration of tea, amino acids are important flavor substances, and both determine the mellowness of the taste. As Longjing tea places great emphasis on the "freshness" of aroma and taste, it is required that the amino acid content of Longjing tea is more than 3.3%, the content of tea polyphenols is less than 20%, and the ratio of phenol to ammonia is not higher than 6. At the same time, the content of water extract is required to be more than 38%. The following is an introduction to the varieties of Longjing tea which are suitable for introduction and promotion at this stage. 1. Longjing 43 shrub type, middle leaf type, especially early species. This variety was bred by Tea Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences by systematic breeding method from Longjing group tea garden in 1960. It won the National Science Congress Award in 1978 and was recognized as a national variety by the National crop Variety approval Committee in 1987 (approval No. GS13037-1987). At present, there are 14 provinces and regions in China, including Zhejiang, Jiangsu, Anhui, Henan, Jiangxi, Shandong, Guizhou and other provinces have a large area of cultivation, the total has exceeded 2000hm2. The main characteristics of this variety are as follows: (1) the plant is of medium size, the tree posture is half-open, the branches are dense, and the leaves are obliquely attached. The leaf is oval, the leaf is long 8.5~9.5cm, the leaf width 3.4~3.8cm, the leaf color is dark green, shiny, the leaf surface is flat, the leaf body folds slightly, the leaf edge microwave, the leaf quality hardness is medium, one bud three leaves hundred buds weight 39.0g. The green belt of spring shoot buds is yellowish, the leaves are long and narrow, the hairs of bud leaves are less, and there is a light red spot at the base. Petals leucorrhea with pink. (2) the buds and leaves are fertile and resistant to picking. Spring tea germinates very early, in Hangzhou tea area, the peak period of one bud and one leaf is generally at the end of March and the beginning of April, and the period of one bud and three leaves is in the first ten days of April, which is 10-15 days earlier than that of Longjing population. In the year when the temperature picks up quickly in spring, the super Longjing tea can be picked in the middle of March, and the tea garden cultivated in the greenhouse can be mined in the first and middle of February. In other tea areas, the mining time was also significantly earlier than that of local species, such as 15 days earlier in Ningbo, Zhejiang Province, 10 days earlier in Jintan, Jiangsu Province, 11 days earlier in Shangrao, Jiangxi Province, 18 days earlier in Anhui Province, and 7 days earlier in Tongbai, Henan Province. The germination density is high and the yield is high. According to the experimental observation for many years, the yield is 39.7% higher than that of Longjing population and 42.5% higher than that of Fuding Dabai tea. The tea research institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences has a demonstration tea garden of 13.2mu, producing dry tea per mu of 300kg (about 10% of which is Longjing tea) for more than 10 years. High yields can also be obtained in other tea areas, such as 200.5kg per mu in Huzhou, Zhejiang, 137.5kg in Jintan, Jiangsu, and 315.3kg in Tongbai, Henan. In addition, due to early germination and long growth period of spring tea, the output of high-grade tea increased. For example, Hangzhou West Lake tea area can produce high-grade Longjing tea 15~20kg per mu, famous tea per mu can reach 48.5kg in East Anhui, 15.5kg in Shangrao, Jiangxi, and 3-foot-old tea garden in Ningbo, Zhejiang can also reach 11.2kg. (3) the dry sample of one bud and two leaves of spring tea contains 3.7% amino acids, 18.5% tea polyphenols, 12.1% total catechins, 4.0% caffeine and 4.98 phenol / ammonia ratio, which is extremely suitable for making high-grade green teas such as Longjing, Donghai dragon tongue, Qiandao jade leaves, Maoshan Qingfeng, Xinzhou Longcui and so on. The super Longjing tea made with this variety has a flat, smooth shape, bright green color, brown beige edge, long-lasting fragrance, mellow and refreshing taste, clear and bright soup, and tender yellow flowers at the bottom of the leaves. It is used to make a large quantity of green tea, and its quality is similar to that of Fuding Dabai tea. (4) the cold resistance and adaptability are very strong. For example, in Xinyang, Henan and Qingdao, Shandong, when the temperature is about-10 ℃, the frost injury only occurs on the surface of the canopy, and the general year can survive the winter normally. Cultivated in low hilly red soil areas such as Jinhua, Lanxi and Shangrao in Jiangxi, it has the advantages of prosperous growth, high yield and remarkable benefit. Such as Longjing 43, Fuding Dabai Tea, Yingshuang and other 9 varieties introduced in Shangrao Zunqiao Tea Farm in Jiangxi Province, Longjing 43 ranks first in output and output value. According to the growth characteristics of Longjing 43, it is suitable to be cultivated in the green tea areas in the north and south of the Yangtze River, especially in the areas where flat tea is made. The general output value per mu can reach about 5000 yuan, and the high one can exceed 10,000 yuan, and the economic benefit is remarkable. In terms of cultivation techniques, cuttage seedlings should be planted with single strip (1.50m × 0.33m) or double rows and double plants (1.50m × 0.40m × 0.33m). Due to the poor tenderness of its bud leaves, it is necessary to pick them in batches in time, and after continuous picking for several years, the cover should be trimmed lightly; guard against "late spring cold" in early spring to prevent high temperature burns in summer; and timely control of tea weevil and anthracnose during spring tea. two。 Longjing long-leaf shrub type, middle leaf type, early species. The source of variety is the same as Longjing 43. It was recognized as a national variety (approval No. GS13008-1994) in 1994 and won the third prize of scientific and technological progress of the Ministry of Agriculture in 1997. This variety is cultivated in a large area in Zhejiang, Jiangsu, Anhui, Henan, Shandong and other provinces. Its main characteristics are as follows: (1) the plant is moderate, the tree posture is upright and the branches are dense. Leaf blade inserted horizontally. The leaf is long oval, the leaf is long 10.4cm, the leaf width is 4.1 cm, the leaf color is green, the leaf surface is flat, the leaf body is flat, the leaf edge is microwave, the leaf hardness is medium. The leaves of spring shoots are yellowish green, the number of hairs is medium, the leaves of buds are narrow and long and curly, the length of buds is about 1.9cm, and the weight of buds with three leaves is 36.2g. (2) the buds and leaves have strong fertility and tenderness. Spring tea germinates early, in Hangzhou tea area, one bud and one leaf can be picked before and after the Qingming Festival, and the peak period of one bud and three leaves can be reached in the middle of April. In Jintan, Jiangsu Province, high-grade tea can be picked at the end of March, which is 7-10 days earlier than that of the local group. The germination density is high, the yield is high, and the general yield per mu can reach 150~200kg. For example, the yield per mu of adult tea garden in Anji, Zhejiang Province is 50% higher than that of population species; in Pingshan Forest Farm, Jiangsu Province, the yield of 4-year-old tea garden per mu also has 81kg. (3) the dry sample of one bud and two leaves of spring tea contains 4.1% amino acids, 18.6% tea polyphenols, 16.4% total catechins, 3.6% caffeine and 4.6 phenol / ammonia ratio. Suitable for making high-grade Longjing, Maoshan Qingfeng, Yuhua tea and other flat and needle-shaped famous green tea. Longjing tea made with it has a sharp, flat and smooth shape, green and yellowish color, high aroma, orchid fragrance and fresh taste. Even Longjing tea made in autumn has the characteristics of high fragrance and high freshness. Using this variety to make large quantities of green tea, the quality is also excellent. (4) both cold resistance and adaptability are strong. The variety could survive the winter normally in the tea areas of Henan and Shandong, and there was only slight freezing injury at-10 ℃. High yield can also be obtained by cultivation in the hilly red soil area in the south of the Yangtze River. Longjing long leaf suitable planting area with Longjing 43. Generally, the output value per mu is about 5000 yuan, and the high one can also exceed 10,000 yuan. Because of the upright posture of the tree, it is appropriate to use double rows and double plants when planting, and to set and prune in time, so as to control the small green leafhopper in time after putting into production. 3. Pingyang special morning tea small tree type, middle leaf type, especially early seed. It was bred by single plant breeding method from the population species in Daping Village, Aojiang Town, Pingyang County, Zhejiang Province. It was recognized as a tea variety in Zhejiang Province in 1998. A few varieties were introduced in other tea areas in the province and in Anhui and other places. The main characteristics of this variety are as follows: (1) the plant is of medium size, the tree posture is half-open, the branches are dense, and the leaves are obliquely attached. Leaves oval, leaf length 6.5~8.9cm, leaf width 3.1~4.0cm, leaf color dark green, glossy, leaf surface slightly raised, leaf body slightly inflexed, leaf thick and soft. The bud leaves are green, the hairs are more, the internodes are short, and the weight of one bud with three leaves is 39.8g. There are no buds either in the place of origin or in the place of introduction. (2) the bud leaves grow neatly, the tenderness is strong, and the spring tea germinates very early. In the producing area, it generally germinates in mid-January, shows one bud and one leaf from late February to early March, reaches the peak period of one bud and three leaves in mid-March, and the picking of spring tea before Qingming Festival can end. Because of the high density of bud leaves, high yield, early acquisition and early listing, the economic benefit is good. For example, the 5-mu 5-year-old tea garden in the Shuitou famous tea development field of Pingyang County can produce Zhejiang Longjing tea 17.9kg and fried green tea 82.5kg per mu, with an output value of more than 6100 yuan per mu (of which Longjing tea accounts for 71.4%). (3) according to the biochemical determination of dry samples of spring tea, the variety contains 4.8% amino acids, 22.9% tea polyphenols, 4.5% caffeine, 40.3% water extract and 4.8 phenol / ammonia ratio, which is suitable for making Longjing, Huangtang, Maofeng, Biluochun and other teas. The Longjing tea made with it has a flat and smooth shape, straight and sharp cut, emerald green color, long-lasting fragrance, refreshing taste, bright green soup color and good quality. Pingyang extra early tea cuttage survival rate and emergence rate are high, transplanting survival rate is more than 98%, the general year can survive the winter normally. It is suitable to use single-row or double-row double-strip planting of cutting seedlings. Due to the early germination, spring tea sprouting fertilizer should also be applied early, preferably at the end of last year. After it is put into production, it is necessary to harvest it in batches in time, and it is not suitable to prune when the garden is closed at the end of the year. It is better to prune after the harvest of spring tea. The northern tea area should pay attention to the harm of "late spring cold". 4. Yuanxiao green shrub type, middle leaf type, especially early seed. It was bred by the method of single plant selection from the population species in Houxiling Village, Chongru Township, Xiapu County Tea Industry Bureau, Fujian Province. It was recognized as a tea variety in Fujian Province in 1999. This variety is not only popularized in the green tea area of Fujian, but also introduced in Zhejiang, Anhui and other provinces. The main characteristics of the varieties are as follows: (1) the plant is of medium size, the tree posture is half-open, the branches are still dense, and the leaves are planted horizontally. The leaf is long oval, the leaf color is green, shiny, the leaf surface is slightly raised, the leaf body is flat, the leaf quality is thick and soft. The bud leaves are yellowish green and have many hairs. The weight of one bud with three leaves is 41.0g. (2) the buds and leaves have strong fertility and tenderness. Sprouting very early, the first exhibition of one bud and one leaf in the place of origin is around the Lantern Festival (hence the name "Yuanxiao Green"), and the peak period of one bud and three leaves is in the middle of March. The yield is high, and the yield of baked green tea per mu can reach 130kg. (3) the dry sample of one bud and two leaves of spring tea contains 3.1% amino acids, 23.4% tea polyphenols, 3.9% caffeine and 7.5 phenol / ammonia ratio. Make green tea with green color, sharp aroma like chestnut, mellow taste. For example, the raw materials of fresh leaves of Longjing tea are picked according to the standard, and the techniques of grasping, pushing and grinding are highlighted in the process of making Longjing tea, so that the tea is flat and smooth, and may be processed into Longjing tea which meets the requirements of color, aroma, taste and shape. (4) the resistance to cold and drought is strong, and the survival rate of cuttings is high, so it is suitable for introduction in middle and low altitude green tea areas in the south of the Yangtze River. When planting, the sunny sloping land with deep soil layer should be selected and double-row and double-plant planting should be adopted. Beware of the harm of late frost or "late spring cold" in early spring.