Cultivation techniques of Yongchun bergamot tea

I. colonization technology

The construction of tea garden should pay attention to ecological balance, do not destroy natural resources, soil and water conservation, and focus on building a good tea production base based on the actual situation of local tea production, so as to make it properly concentrated and connected, facilitate management, reduce costs and increase benefits. It is more conducive to centralized factory processing and improve the quality of tea. The construction of tea should also adhere to high standards and high quality, and gradually realize the improvement of tea varieties, the gardening of tea areas, the water conservancy of tea gardens and scientific cultivation.

1. Improved varieties of tea: according to the local actual production of tea, ecological conditions to determine pure unpolluted varieties, strong high-yield, high-quality, pest-resistant bergamot tea seedlings for cultivation.

2. The gardening of the tea area: it is necessary to adjust measures to local conditions, make a comprehensive plan, and take the control of soil and water as the center to carry out the comprehensive management of mountains, water, fields and forest roads, so as to realize the regionalization and specialization of the garden.

3. Water conservancy of tea garden: the construction of tea garden should not destroy vegetation excessively, be conducive to soil and water conservation, open up a wide range of water sources, build good tea garden drainage and irrigation facilities, water sources should be in line with the standards issued by the Ministry, free from pollution and can be irrigated in dry season and drained in waterlogging season.

4. Scientific cultivation: reasonable close planting, heavy application of organic fertilizer (mainly farm manure), supplemented by chemical fertilizer (compound fertilizer, urea, etc.), correct use of cutting technology, grasp the law of the occurrence of diseases and insect pests, strengthen quarantine and prediction, adopt the plant protection policy of "prevention first, comprehensive control" measures.

(1) Climatic conditions: bergamot tea trees require that they like warm and humid areas, with an annual average temperature of more than 13 ℃ and an active accumulated temperature of more than 3500 ℃. The best atmospheric humidity is about 80%, not less than 60%, and the annual precipitation is above 1000mm.

(2) soil conditions: bergamot tea trees like acidic soil, and the PH value is between 4.0 and 6.5. Yudou Town belongs to slightly acidic red soil, which is very suitable for the cultivation of bergamot tea, but when the free calcium in the soil is more than 1.5%, it is disadvantageous to the growth of tea trees. in addition, attention should be paid to the effects on bergamot tea trees in the aspects of ventilation, water storage, fertilizer preservation, heat preservation and so on.

(3) Geographical conditions: the tea garden should choose the hillside or hilly place with an elevation of 450 / 750 m above sea level and a slope below 25 °. The slope of 10 / 20 °is the most ideal, and the selection block in the slope direction is more ideal in the north-south direction, so as to achieve the comprehensive development of "afforestation at the top of the mountain, planting tea on the hillside and growing grain under the mountain".

(4) Construction of cascade tea garden: pay attention to the principle of repairing ladders for the construction of contours, the border surface should be balanced to prevent soil and water erosion, generally follow the trend, take straight as far as possible to facilitate management and lay a good foundation, it is appropriate to take topsoil back to ditch, core soil to build bank, the bank height is about 20cm, and the border is slightly inclined inward to conserve water, soil and fertilizer, and the width of the border depends on the slope. When single-row or double-row planting is adopted, single-row planting is suitable for 1.5m wide border and double-row planting for 2m wide border, so as to improve the early closure of the row and put into production early. the plant spacing is 0.30m / 0.35m for single row and 0.3m / 0.4m for double row (triangular arrangement staggered planting).

(5) when the surface soil is returned to the trench, the width and depth of the ditch should be suitable for the development of the root group of tea trees. The width and depth of the ditch should be about 0.4m wide and 0.5m deep, and it should be returned to the ditch with topsoil weeds, and the mixture of organic fertilizer (farm manure) 30m / mu, lime powder 50jin and calcium magnesium phosphorus 100jin should be planted in the Beginning of Spring-Rain Water season. The plant height of bergamot selected 15-20cm strong and pest-free seedlings colonized and covered with straw after planting in order to improve the survival rate.

II. Management technology

1. In the management of bergamot tea garden, the ploughing and weeding management of the young tea garden is different from that of the old tea garden for many years. Attention should be paid not to ploughing too deeply, and the frequency should be relatively small. The ploughing hoe should be combined with intercropping green manure sowing and fertilizer application at the same time. The depth of the ploughing hoe should be shallow ploughing within 2 years, 8-10cm ploughing depth, and ploughing hoe 2 times a year. With the seedling growth of the tea garden, the ploughing hoe should be ploughed as deep as 15-20cm. Deep ploughing is carried out outside the plant 15cm, and pay attention to less damage to the roots, while paying attention to weather changes, long-term dry weather can not plough hoe, prevent water dissipation, advocate grass cultivation, mowing and paving garden, increase humic fertilizer, in order to loosen the soil.

2. Fertilizer and water management: selecting corroded barnyard manure, compost, green manure and cake manure, etc., and advocating the application of organic fertilizer once a year, mainly farm manure, in order to improve the growth of young tea trees, so as to improve the ability of tea trees to resist diseases and insect pests, enhance chlorophyll, leaf thickening, and improve tea quality. the application of organic fertilizer can not only provide tea trees with comprehensive nutrition, but also have a long fertilizer efficiency, and can increase or renew soil organic matter. To promote the reproduction of microorganisms and improve the chemical properties and biological activities of the soil, supplemented by chemical fertilizers such as compound fertilizers, urea, etc., we should adopt the fertilization principle of frequent application of thin fertilizer, and sprinkle compound fertilizer and urea once every 2 months (the proportion is 2:1). According to the characteristics of young tea plants needing more phosphorus and potassium fertilizer, the ratio of three elements: 1-2 years old: 1-2-year-old: 1-4-year-old: 1-3-4-year-old: 1-4-year-old: 1-2-year-old: 1-2-year-old: 1-4-year-old: The amount of fertilization is 5 kg per mu of pure nitrogen for 1-2 years old, 5 kg for 2-3 years old, 7 kg for 3-4 years old, and 10 kg for 3-4 years old. The amount of fertilizer should also be determined according to the number of plants per mu, growth, soil and fertilizer pipe conditions. With the growth of tea trees, the amount of fertilizer application increases year by year, generally producing 100 kg dry tea, adding 9 kg of pure nitrogen, 4 kg of phosphorus and 2.66 kg of potassium. The ratio of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium is 3:2:1. In short, the principle of fertilization is: to achieve economic and rational use of fertilizer, give full play to fertilizer efficiency, generally adopt the combination of ditch fertilization and sprinkling, to achieve scientific fertilization, in order to maximize fertilizer efficiency.

3. Stereotyped pruning: the principle of low pruning and dwarfing the crown should be adopted, the picking area should be expanded and the height should be appropriately reduced, which can reduce the branching level, be beneficial to the movement of water and nutrients in the tea plant, and reduce the annual consumption of photosynthate in the tea plant, so as to improve the economic coefficient of the tea tree. The stereotyped pruning of young trees is generally carried out from September to October in winter, and the 30cm is trimmed flat from the ground height. After the spring shoot hardened in May of the following year, the pruning height of 40 Mel 50cm was controlled within 60cm from September to October. After that, depending on the growth rate of bergamot tea tree, thinning branches were pruned to the crown in 80cm, and the height was generally not more than 1m.

4. Transformation of low-yield tea gardens: for tea plantations with premature senility, heavy picking and light management, technical measures such as deep pruning until table cutting and replanting (interplanting) should be taken when the trees are more than 15 years old. Deep pruning is generally controlled by 50-60cm, which is controlled by 20-25cm off the ground. Because Taiwan cutting is all shoots (new shoots) that germinate from the root neck, they have exuberant vitality. Can form a neat crown and robust tree potential, under the strengthening of fertilizer and water management, can make the rapid growth of tea trees, to build a good bergamot quality, improve the grade, create efficiency, fight for the brand has far-reaching significance, practice has proved that it is feasible. For the middle-aged trees that are more than ten years old, the method of deep pruning should be adopted, and the height of heavy pruning should be 40-60cm off the ground. Generally, the tea trees should be thinned and trimmed, requiring neat and neat pruning, and the time for table cutting and re-pruning should be carried out after spring tea picking.

5. pest control: the common diseases and insect pests in local tea gardens are tea inchworm, false-eyed small green leafhopper, tea cloud leaf blight, tea caterpillar, black whitefly, tea aphid, tea leaf roll moth, tea vegetable blight and other diseases and insect pests. False-eyed small green leafhopper, aphids and whitefly are the most rampant, and the plant protection policy of "prevention first and comprehensive control" should be adopted on the basis of increasing the application of farm manure and organic fertilizer. Strengthen the robust crown of tea trees Improve the ability of resistance to diseases and insect pests, strengthen prediction, grasp the appropriate period for control, control indicators, and strictly follow the varieties of pesticides that can be used in pollution-free tea gardens and their safety standards, reduce agricultural residues, protect the ecological environment, protect the number of natural enemies, give priority to biological agents with high efficiency and low toxicity, control the loss of diseases and insect pests to a minimum, and give priority to biological control, supplemented by chemical control. The use of herbicides in tea gardens is strictly prohibited.