Ganoderma lucidum

Ganoderma lucidum [Ganodermalucidum (Leyss.exFr.) Karst.], alias Ganoderma lucidum, mushroom, etc. In ancient times, it was called Ruicao. Belong to Basidiomycetes subphylum, Strychomycetes, non-pleuriformes, Ganoderma lucidum, Ganoderma lucidum. Ganoderma lucidum is distributed in most parts of China, such as Jilin, Shandong, Anhui, Zhejiang, Guangdong, Yunnan, Fujian and other places. Ganoderma lucidum is used in medicine as fruiting body, spore and mycelium. Ganoderma lucidum contains polysaccharides, peptides and a variety of amino acids, as well as steroids, triterpenoids, adenosine, alkaloids, glycosides, ascorbic acid and other components. In addition, it contains a variety of trace elements, especially germanium. Ganoderma lucidum tastes bitter and is flat and non-toxic. It has the effect of protecting liver, tonifying middle, benefiting heart qi and detoxifying. It mainly treats neurasthenia, dizziness and insomnia, chronic hepatitis, pyelonephritis, hypertension, coronary heart disease, rhinitis, chronic tracheitis, bronchial asthma, stomach disease, duodenal ulcer, diabetes and so on. Modern medical research shows that Ganoderma lucidum and spore powder can treat cancer and enhance immunity.

(1) morphological characteristics of Ganoderma lucidum is composed of mycelium and fruiting body. The hyphae are colorless, transparent, separated, branched, white or brown, 1 to 3 microns in diameter. The mycelium is white and fluffy. The fruiting body consists of a cap, a stalk and a fruiting layer. The cap is semicircular or reniform, 4-12 cm × 3-20 cm, 0.5-2 cm thick, corky, yellow, gradually reddish brown, shiny, ring-shaped ribs and radial wrinkles. Stipe lateral, rarely biased, dark reddish brown or purplish brown. The fungus is nearly white to light brown, and the bacterial tube is up to 0.2cm long, nearly white, and then becomes light brown. The mouth of the tube is white at the beginning and brown at the later stage. The spores are reddish brown, ovate, one end is truncated, the outer spore wall is smooth, the inner spore wall is rough, and there is a large oil drop in the center.

(2) Biological characteristics

1. The whole growth and development process of Ganoderma lucidum is as follows: basidiospore.

The whole growth and charging process of Ganoderma lucidum is as follows:

Basidiospores > suitable conditions > uninucleate hyphae lock combined with binuclear hyphae specialized aggregation dense fruiting bodies mature and ejected basidiospores.

The developmental process from basidiospore to basidiospore is the life history of Ganoderma lucidum.

2. Conditions for the growth and development of Ganoderma lucidum

The main results are as follows: (1) nutritional Ganoderma lucidum is not only a saprophytic bacteria, but also a facultative parasite. Ganoderma lucidum has strong decomposition and absorption ability to lignin, cellulose and other substances, and has a wide adaptability. Most broad-leaved trees and sawdust, leaves, crop straw, cottonseed husk, corncob and so on, with appropriate amount of wheat bran or bran can be used as the raw materials of the culture medium.

(2) Ganoderma lucidum belongs to high temperature fungi, which can grow between 15 ℃ and 35 ℃, and the optimum temperature is 25 ℃. The fruiting body could grow in the range of 10-32 ℃, but the optimum temperature for primordium differentiation and fruiting body development was 25-28 ℃. Under 25 ℃, the fruiting body grows slowly and the color of the shell is poor; when it is higher than 35 ℃, the fruiting body will die. (3) humidity Ganoderma lucidum needs higher humidity for growth. During the mycelial growth period, the water content of the culture medium is 55% 60%, and the air relative humidity is 70% 80%. During the development of fruiting body, the air relative humidity is required to be 90%-95%. If less than 80%, the fruiting body will grow poorly, and the young growth point on the edge of the cap will turn dark gray or dark brown.

(4) Ganoderma lucidum is an aerobic fungus, which needs fresh air in the whole process of growth and development. Especially in the growth and development stage of fruiting body, it is more sensitive to carbon dioxide. When the content of carbon dioxide in the air increases to 0.1%, the fruiting body cannot open the umbrella and grow into antler-like branches, and when the content reaches 1%, the fruiting body develops extremely abnormally, without any tissue differentiation, forming deformities.

(5) Ganoderma lucidum is very sensitive to light in the process of growth and development, and light has an obvious inhibitory effect on mycelium growth, and the growth rate is the fastest in no light and dark conditions. when the illuminance increases to 3000 lux, the growth rate is only half of that in full darkness. Light is indispensable for the growth and development of fruiting body. At 1500-5000 lux, the stalk and cap grow rapidly, stout and thick.

(6) the pH value of Ganoderma lucidum likes to live in a slightly acidic environment, and the range of pH is 3-7.5, and the most suitable pH is 5-6.

(3) cultivation techniques the main cultivation methods of Ganoderma lucidum are bottle cultivation, bag cultivation and section wood cultivation.

1. The pure mother seed of Ganoderma lucidum produced by strain is often obtained by tissue isolation. The young tissues that have not been corked were selected. Under sterile conditions, the tissue blocks of Ganoderma lucidum were sterilized in 0.1 liter mercury solution for 2 minutes, then rinsed with sterile water and dried with aseptic gauze. The outer shell of the fruiting body was cut off with an anatomical knife, and the fungus was cut into small pieces, inoculated in the bevel culture medium and placed in the dark condition. The mycelium could grow all over the test tube after 10 days, that is, the pure mother species. It can be used to expand the culture and transfer of the original species. Spring planting in mid-late May and original seed production in mid-late April; Autumn planting in August and original seed production in July. Duanmu inoculation is usually carried out in April in spring.

2. There are many kinds of media suitable for the cultivation of Ganoderma lucidum, only the most commonly used ones are introduced.

(1) 77% sawdust, 18% wheat bran, 3% corn meal, 1% sucrose and 1% gypsum powder.

(2) bagasse 50%, sawdust 48%, soybean powder 1%, gypsum powder 1%.

(3) cottonseed hull 44%, sawdust 44%, wheat bran 5%, corn meal 5%, sucrose 1%, gypsum powder 1%.

(4) corncob 45%, sawdust 45%, wheat bran 8%, soybean powder 1%, gypsum powder 1%.

3. Cultivation methods

(1) A bottle of 750 grams with a caliber of 4 cm can also be used in a wide-mouth bottle or a canned bottle.

① mix the main ingredients and accessories, first mix well, dissolve the sugar in water, then gradually add to the material and mix well, add 140g 160kg of water per 100kg dry material, with a small amount of water dripping from the finger seams. Use freehand or bottling machine for sub-packing, require moderate tightness until 1 cm away from the bottle mouth, press flat, punch the hole to the bottom of the bottle with tamping wood in the center, wash the dirt on the bottle mouth and bottle wall, and wrap the bottle mouth with Kraft paper.

② sterilization: atmospheric pressure 100 ℃ sterilization, lasted 8-12 hours, autoclave sterilization 121℃, kept 1.5 hours. After cooling, the bacteria are added under aseptic conditions. Then put it in the culture room, control the temperature 25 ℃, and control the indoor relative humidity below 70%. The culture room is kept dark to facilitate the growth of mycelium. Generally, after 20 days of bacteria culture, when the mycelium grows to 2 bottles, the sealing paper can be removed and moved to the solid occurrence room. At this time, the temperature is controlled at 25: 28 ℃, and the relative humidity is increased to 90%-95%, keeping the air fresh and enhancing diffuse light. The cap continues to grow until the surrounding white growth circle disappears, that is, it stops growing and expands, but it can still continue to thicken. The fruiting body forms a bacterial tube and ejects reddish-brown spores.

(2) the process of bag planting is similar to that of bottle planting, except that it is packed in a polyethylene or PVC plastic bag about 10 cm away from the mouth of the bag, close the mouth of the bag, cover the plastic ring, and add cotton plugs. Sterilization, inoculation and culture under sterile conditions. When the mycelium grows to about 1 stroke 2 of the bag, remove the cotton plug and ring, expose the material surface and let it produce Zhi. Be careful not to open the bag too early, lest the hyphae dry up and affect the occurrence of the fruiting body.

(3) the broad-leaved tree species such as oak, elm and birch are selected for cultivation, with an age of 7 to 10 years and a diameter of 6 to 15 cm.

(1) cutting and cutting trees should be carried out from the time of falling leaves to before sprouting in the following year, and do not damage the bark when cutting. Saw into segments before inoculation, soak in water for 12 hours and 15 hours, increase the water content to benefit the bacteria.

(2) drilling inoculation with belt punching is installed on the inoculation hammer with a diameter of about 9.6 to 10 mm, and then the inoculation gun is used to connect the bacteria, then cover the hole with bark, and the inoculation is carried out on a sunny day, so that the hole is sealed while drilling, inoculation and sealing.

(3) the bacteria are stacked in the shape of "well", which is about 1 meter high, and the bottom is filled with stones or waste wood. The temperature in the pile should be controlled above 20 ℃ and below 28 ℃. When the temperature is high at noon in sunny days, the temperature should be ventilated with supporting film. Turn the wood up and down, inside and outside once a week to promote the uniformity of bacteria. After about 30 days, the inoculation hole and bark were covered with hyphae, and the hair bacteria ended.

(4) the cultivation of bacteria in buried soil and the selection of fruiting body have good drainage and use water source or shade as bacterial bed. The bed is 1.2 meters wide and 20 centimeters deep. Put the wood horizontally in the fungus bed, the distance between the trees is 5 cm, fill the gap between the trees with fine loam without impurities, and then cover the soil layer of 2 cm. The shade shed is 60 cm high from the bacterial bed, covered with thin grass curtain and covered with film to prevent direct light and heavy rain from being washed away. During this period, water supply was reduced and bacteria were cultured for about 30 days. When there are yellow and white hyphae on both ends of the wood, it enters the fruiting body stage, increases the humidity of the space, sprays water twice in sunny days, and keeps the soil moist. The fruiting bodies occurred one after another at the beginning of July. It is abundant from May to July in the second year, and there are still fruiting bodies in the third year.

(4) harvesting and processing when the white growth circle around the cap disappears, the whole cap is reddish brown and brown powdery spores appear, the fruiting body can be removed. Generally, it takes about 50 to 60 days from inoculation to harvest, and it can be dried on the bamboo curtain after harvest or dried at low temperature. If you want to collect the spore powder, you can use the bag method or shelf sealing method to collect, and then extract the fruiting body.