Forecast of main Diseases and pests of Edible Fungi in 2006

The edible mushroom industry has been ranked among the six major agricultural industries in China, with an annual output of more than 12 million tons, which has become a characteristic and pillar industry in the agricultural region. With the acceleration of industrialization, the cultivated area of edible fungi in the country continues to increase by 15% a year, in which the number of moderate and high temperature varieties increases, the types of diseases and insect pests increase, and the degree of damage is aggravated. the occurrence status of diseases and insect pests in the main producing areas of edible fungi in 2005 was summarized, and on this basis, the occurrence trend of main diseases and pests in 2006 was predicted, so as to prompt mushroom farmers to prevent ahead of time. Reduce the degree of diseases and insect pests, stabilize output, improve quality, and ensure food safety.

1 occurrence of diseases and insect pests in 2005

1.1 the main affected varieties were Agaricus bisporus, Xiuzhen mushroom, Grifola frondosa, tea tree mushroom, Pleurotus ostreatus, chicken leg mushroom, slippery mushroom, straw mushroom, black fungus, Agaricus blazei Murrill, Ganoderma lucidum and so on.

① mushroom mosquitoes: there are many kinds of mushroom mosquitoes infecting edible fungi, such as Mushroom mosquitoes, Mushroom mushroom late-eye mushroom mosquitoes, small mushroom mosquitoes and so on. Among them, medium and low temperature varieties such as mushroom, Grifola frondosa, Agaricus blazei, Pleurotus ostreatus, Xiuzhen mushroom, black fungus, slippery mushroom, etc., suffered seriously, followed by Pleurotus eryngii, Coprinus comatus, Auricularia auricula, Mushroom, Jinfu mushroom and other varieties, which occurred in various edible mushroom cultivation areas all over the country. The yield loss caused by mushroom mosquitoes varies with varieties and control measures, such as tea mushroom injury rate of 85%, yield loss of 10% to 30%, Xiuzhen mushroom injury rate of 70%, yield loss of 15% to 20%, Agaricus blazei Murrill injury rate of 60%, yield loss of 10% to 20%, followed by Agaricus bisporus, Auricularia auricula and Auricularia auricula, and yield loss of 10% to 15%. ② mites: the populations of mites infestating edible fungi are different due to regional differences. In mushroom farms such as Fujian and Zhejiang, the main mites are Tetranychus przewalskii and Brent mite, while those in Jiangsu, Anhui, Sichuan and Shandong are mainly saprophytic tyrophagus and Shanghai wood mites. Mite damage is common in mushroom houses that have been planted for more than 3 years, especially mushrooms and Flammulina velutipes cultivated on the ground surface. Followed by tea mushroom, straw mushroom, Ganoderma lucidum, Agaricus blazei Murrill, Auricularia auricula and other varieties. Due to improper use of drugs, mushroom houses have used insecticides with no acaricidal effect for a long time, and their insect sources have become an outbreak trend after years of reproduction. in 2005, the damage rate of Agaricus bisporus mites in China reached more than 60%, and the yield loss was more than 10% and 20%. A few areas lost more than 50% of their production. Flammulina velutipes, volvariella volvacea and tea tree mushrooms in some areas of Jiangsu Province were discarded due to mites during the production period. ③ flea flies: the edible mushroom varieties seriously harmed by flea flies are Pleurotus ostreatus, Xiuzhen mushroom, Agaricus blazei Murrill, high temperature mushroom and other varieties, followed by Coprinus comatus. Auricularia auricula, Pleurotus ostreatus, Pleurotus ostreatus and other varieties. Pleurotus ostreatus and Pleurotus ostreatus are the main affected species of flea flies. The hyphae of Pleurotus ostreatus in Jiangsu, Zhejiang and Anhui provinces are destroyed after being eaten up. ④ nematode: nematode is one of the pests with rapid increase in occurrence area and damage degree in mushroom and other grass rot varieties in recent years. Due to improper selection of control agents to develop from a weak population to a dominant population, mushrooms in all regions of the country are generally affected, resulting in a yield loss of 10% to 30%, or even no harvest.

1.3.The main disease ① verrucosporium: the damage of mushroom is common, especially in the mushroom shed which has been planted continuously for 3 ~ 4 years. Verrucosporium has become a major obstacle to the further development of mushroom in China. The disease of verrucosporium occurred in all mushroom producing areas throughout the country, with an injury rate of more than 60% and a yield loss of 10% to 30%. ② bacterial diseases showed prominently in the mushroom shed with high temperature, high humidity and high cultivation density. The seriously damaged varieties were spring mushroom, black variety of Pleurotus ostreatus, Flammulina velutipes, followed by Auricularia auricula, Auricularia auricula, Pleurotus ostreatus and other varieties, with symptoms such as brown spot, black spot, deformity and rot. ③ slime mold: the disease showed an upward trend in recent years, and suffered seriously in Pleurotus ostreatus, Auricularia auricula and other varieties produced in high temperature period.

2Forecast of major diseases and insect pests in 2006

The winter temperature in 2005 is lower than the normal year and lasts for a long time, which can effectively freeze the surface insect eggs, reduce the number of insect sources and delay the occurrence period of diseases and insect pests, but there are many varieties cultivated in the greenhouse. The temperature in the greenhouse is more than 5 ℃, and the temperature in the material is more than 8 ℃. Most insect pathogens can reproduce slowly, and the source number of diseases and insect pests is on the high side, which lays a hidden danger for the outbreak of insect pests in spring and summer. Therefore, it is expected that the number and damage degree of diseases and insect pests in 2006 will be further aggravated on the basis of 2005. According to the occurrence of diseases and insect pests in winter in various producing areas, the occurrence distribution and harmfulness of diseases and insect pests in the main producing areas in 2006 are predicted.

2.1 the main occurrence areas of mites, nematodes, Alternaria verrucosa and bacterial diseases are the new areas cultivated in recent 3 ~ 5 years, such as Jiangsu, Shandong, Henan, Zhejiang, * and other mushroom producing areas.

2.2 bacterial macular disease occurs easily in Pleurotus ostreatus sheds all over the country under the conditions of high temperature, high humidity, poor ventilation and excessive bag discharge, and the dark varieties suffer seriously. Flammulina velutipes brown spot and black rot are easy to occur in early autumn in parts of Zhejiang and Xuzhou, Jiangsu.

2.3 flea flies are still the main diseases of Pleurotus ostreatus, mushrooms and Agaricus blazei Murrill in high temperature season.

2.4 during the emergence period of medium and low temperature varieties of mushroom mosquitoes in the main producing areas in China, mushroom mosquitoes are the main pests, especially Xiuzhen mushrooms, tea tree mushrooms, straw mushrooms and Pleurotus eryngii.

2.5 Pleurotus ostreatus, Pleurotus ostreatus and Ganoderma lucidum cultivated on the ground covered with soil are easy to be infected by slime mold in the period of high temperature.

Others, such as gall mosquitoes, jumping insects, nocturnal moths and silk-eating valley moths, are localized pests.

3Prevention and control of diseases and insect pests

In order to ensure the safety of products, we should follow the policy of plant protection based on agricultural control and supplemented by chemical control, and carry out comprehensive control of diseases and insect pests. The following prevention and control measures are put forward for reference: ① removes the mushroom bags seriously infected by diseases and insect pests in time, and removes the residual and rotten mushrooms in the mushroom shed. The ② active mushroom shed was relocated after 2-3 years of use, and the centralized setting of multi-mushroom shed was avoided. ③ of the same variety and the same greenhouse is not suitable for annual planting, it is appropriate to rotate varieties which are not easy to be infected with the same kinds of diseases and insect pests. For example, Flammulina velutipes shed should not follow straw mushroom or Agaricus bisporus to prevent the continuous reproduction of mites and mushroom mosquitoes. ④ can effectively prevent the invasion of insect pests above 1mm, such as mushroom mosquito, flea fly, nocturnal moth, grain moth, termites, slugs and snails, and significantly reduce the source of invasive insects. Spraying pesticides on the anti-pest net can kill the adults stuck on the net and effectively reduce the source of the next generation of insects. ⑤ strengthening preventive treatment, such as shed cleaning, fumigation, soil treatment, mixing treatment and other measures can eliminate diseases and pests in the early stage of bacteria and mushroom emergence.

In accordance with the document spirit of the Ministry of Agriculture's "strengthening the production and management of edible fungi", the varieties of pesticides registered by the Ministry of Agriculture must be selected during the period of mushroom production, and the right medicine must be given to the case, and must not be used blindly. Pests such as flea flies, nocturnal moths, grain moths, termites, slugs and snails can be sprayed 1000 times with Mushroom Jing (4.3% efficient chlorocyanomethyl EC) and fipronil (Regent). The infection of pathogenic bacteria such as verrucosporium and Trichoderma can be controlled by Mushroom Feng (30% Baifu wettable powder) and 40% miramine and Shibao Gong 500 times spray. The damage of mites and nematodes can be controlled by spraying Mushroom Jing 500 times and 1000 times. Table 1 shows 10 registered pesticides that can be used on edible fungi.

Table 1 registered pesticide products that can be used on edible fungi

Registration certificate number pesticide product name manufacturing enterprise

LS2000121450% prochloraz manganese salt wettable powder Jiangsu Huifeng agrochemical co., Ltd

LS200162750% prochloraz manganese salt wettable powder Jiangsu Nantong Jiangshan Pesticide Chemical Co., Ltd.

LS20021838500 g / L thiabendazole suspension Swiss Syngenta crop Protection Co., Ltd.

PD2005009640% thiabendazole wettable powder Taiwan Junnong industrial co., Ltd.

PD386-2003 50% prochloraz wettable powder Bayer crop Science Co., Ltd.

LS200311834.3% High Fluorine cyanogen Methyl Avi EC Jiangsu Suke Agricultural Chemical Co., Ltd.

LS200191850 g / L fipronil suspension Bayer Hangzhou crop Science Co., Ltd.

LS9479330% PCI wettable powder Shanxi Qixing Pesticide Co., Ltd.

LS9532840% sodium dichloroisocyanurate soluble powder Shanxi Kangpai Weiye Biotechnology Co., Ltd.

LS2005132930% Baifu wettable Powder Jiangsu Suke Agricultural Chemical Co., Ltd.