Thoughts on promoting the industrialized Management of Edible Fungi

Fan Shenhua, director of agriculture of Bazhong City, Sichuan Province, led the municipal research team to conduct a special investigation on edible fungi in Tongjiang County. Over the past two days, the research group has successively visited 5 villages and 12 cooperatives in Tiechang Township, Nuoshuihe Town, and Nuojiang Town in Tongjiang County, and visited 27 large growers, 2 professional cooperatives, processing workshops of leading enterprises, and operating markets, and discussed together with large families, members of professional cooperatives, grass-roots cadres, and leading enterprises to discuss the industrial management of edible fungi.

I. current situation of development

Tongjiang edible mushroom products are mainly composed of Tremella fuciformis, fungus, Lentinus edodes and a small amount of cultivated Pleurotus ostreatus, mushroom, Flammulina velutipes, Coprinus comatus, straw mushroom, Gastrodia elata, Ganoderma lucidum and more than 10 wild fungi.

(1) cultivation scale. In 2006, the county was inoculated with 350000 bottles of Linden Tremella, 250000 bottles of Linden black fungus, 250000 bottles of Linden mushroom, 8 million bags of bag-planted Lentinus edodes and 4 million bags of vegetable-type edible mushrooms. the total output of edible fungi reached 5467 tons (including 2467 tons of dried products of "two ears and one mushroom" and 3000 tons of fresh vegetable products). The total income of products sold by farmers was 95 million yuan.

In 2007, 380000 bottles of Linden Tremella, 300000 bottles of fungus, 500000 bottles of Lentinus edodes, 11.5 million bottles of Lentinus edodes planted in bags and 2 million bags of vegetable mushrooms were inoculated in the county. The total output of edible mushrooms can reach 6950 tons (including 4450 tons of dried products of "two ears and one mushroom", 1500 tons of fresh vegetable products, and 1000 tons of rice field mushrooms), and the total income of farmers can reach 130 million yuan.

(2) the situation of the professional base. A total of 18 edible mushroom production base townships are planned in Tongjiang County, including 5 Tremella base townships, 3 black fungus base townships, 8 Lentinus edodes base townships and 2 other edible mushroom base townships. There are 70 edible mushroom base villages in the county, with 20, 000 production households, with an industrial coverage rate of 21% and 2500 professional households. Among them: "one village, one product" base village 20, the output of the base village accounts for 78% of the total production of the county.

(3) the situation of the leading enterprises. The enterprises engaged in the development and management of edible fungus industry in Tongjiang County are Tongjiang Tremella Group Co., Ltd., Tongjiangshan Bawang Wild Food Co., Ltd., Tongjiang County strain Co., Ltd., among them: Tongjiang Tremella Group Co., Ltd. and Shanbawang Wild Food Co., Ltd. are municipal leading enterprises, Tongjiang Tremella Group Co., Ltd. is the provincial leading enterprise.

Among the leading enterprises, Tongjiangshan Bawang Wild Food Co., Ltd. operates on a relatively large scale. The company was founded in 1998 with an annual sales income of 52 million yuan. the company has 8 operating branches, such as supermarkets, distribution centers and processing plants, and more than 20 joint dealers.

(4) Special cooperative organizations: 13 special cooperative organizations have been established in the county, including 5 specialized cooperatives of edible fungi, 3 professional associations and 5 joint-stock cooperative organizations. Among the professional associations, the strength of "Tongjiang Dabashan Edible Mushroom Association" is stronger. The association was established at the end of 2003. the main members are professional households in edible mushroom production in Tiexi. Radiation has driven 3000 farmers within 100km of 7 counties on the border between Sichuan and Shaanxi provinces to develop edible mushroom production. 7 million bags of edible fungi were developed in 2007, with an output value of 35 million yuan.

(5) Research and development of new varieties and new technologies. In recent years, breakthroughs have been made in variety breeding, summer technology, pest control and product development. Two high-quality strains of Tremella fuciformis "Tremella 01-2 and A2", two high-quality fungus strains "Fengshou No. 2 and 04" and two high-yield and high-quality Lentinus edodes strains "135,939" were selected and bred, and the standardized cultivation Technical regulations of Tongjiang Lentinus edodes were worked out. The "oversummer technology of bacteria in bag material mushroom shed" was conquered, the "sawdust cultivation technology of Tremella fuciformis" was explored, and a series of deeply processed products of Tremella fuciformis were developed. At present, the per unit yield of Tremella fuciformis is 0.4 kg / bottle seed (dry product), that of Auricularia auricula is 0.75 kg / bottle seed (dry product), and that of Lentinus edodes is 0.1 kg / bag (dry product), but the degradation of strain is obvious.

(6) the situation of production facilities. The special equipment for the production of edible fungi in the county has been basically popularized. Among them: the combined equipment of "diesel engine + grinder + bagging machine + motor" has reached 250 sets, each with a processing capacity of 5-100000 bags; 480 high-temperature sterilization stoves (including 30 boiler sterilization stoves) have been built, with a production capacity of 20-40,000 bags per stove. The county has built 850 "normative simple mushroom sheds", each of which can hold 3000-4000 bags of mushroom canisters.

II. Restrictive factors

(1) the technical strength is weak and the popularization of science and technology is insufficient. There is an extreme shortage of professional and technical personnel. at present, there is not a single scientific and technical personnel with a college degree majoring in edible fungus, and there is also a serious shortage of skilled technical personnel who have gradually explored and accumulated from production, and there are less than 50 village-level practical peasant technical workers. "Tongjiang County Tremella Research Institute", which is engaged in edible fungus variety breeding and practical technology promotion, has no office space, no scientific research equipment and few on-duty personnel.

(2) the development of the market is not perfect and the construction of leading enterprises lags behind. There is not a professional market for the purchase and sale of edible fungi in the county, and the purchase and sale of products depends only on the purchase of products by vendors from village to house, the two sides have an asymmetric grasp of market information, it is often difficult to sell and buy, and the benefits of production and management are unstable. At the same time, the driving force of leading enterprises is not strong, and the scale of production and management is small. During the discussion, the leading enterprises mainly reflected that they hoped that the government would help solve the acquisition funds for the acquisition season, the land for the construction of processing plants, take the lead in developing the professional purchase and marketing market, and take the lead in solving the "trademark use problem" in "integrating brand resources", "the supporting policy problem of base construction" and so on.

(3) insufficient capital investment and weak expansion of reproduction capacity. Edible fungus is a technology-and labor-intensive industry with large input and output. As the farmers in Tongjiang are not rich, the investment of bacterial farmers is seriously insufficient, and the industrial scale is growing slowly. According to the investigation, in the production of edible mushrooms, the comprehensive cost per bag is 1.50 yuan, the income of producing mushrooms per bag is 5 yuan (calculated according to 3000-3500 bags, excluding the labor input of farmers themselves), and the net income of each mushroom shed is more than 12000 yuan.

(4) the supporting policies are not enough, and enterprises are unable to build their own industrialization bases. Leading enterprises report that enterprises urgently need to build their own high-quality raw material bases, but in fact they cannot operate them at all, because as long as enterprises uniformly purchase miscellaneous wood sticks from farmers, the relevant departments will levy various fees or even fines from enterprises, which enterprises simply cannot afford, but there will be no specific charges and fines for farmers' self-felling and self-use. In order to promote industrial operation, the government must introduce supporting policies and measures as soon as possible.

III. Countermeasures

Through discussions with farmers, grass-roots cadres, special cooperation organizations, leading enterprises, and professional and technical personnel, it is agreed that the development of edible fungi in Tongjiang has four major advantages: ecology, resources, brand, and market. The development of the edible mushroom industry in Tongjiang should focus on four tasks:

(1) to plan and build the base scientifically. On the basis of ensuring the orderly development and sustainable utilization of ear forest resources, according to the regional momentum characteristics and farmers' planting and breeding habits, according to the conditions of "five have" (with venues, resources, labor, funds and water resources) and the development model of "one village, one product", plan the development zone and development area of edible fungus industry.

It is necessary to innovate the production mechanism of edible fungi by cultivating tree trunks and branches, such as collecting raw materials, crushing raw materials, bagging raw materials, ripening and sterilizing bacteria tubes, inoculating bacteria, managing bacteria sheds, and purchasing and selling products, so as to solve the problems of non-uniform production standards, small scale and low efficiency caused by every household taking charge of the whole process of production.

(2) Science and technology to tackle key problems and overcome difficulties. It is necessary to enrich the technical team focusing on the production of Tremella fuciformis, build the "Tongjiang County Tremella Research Institute" into a position for scientific research, production demonstration, and technical training, and promote the rapid transformation of scientific research achievements and new technologies into real productive forces. At the same time, it is necessary to carry out technical cooperation with colleges and universities to organize and overcome the technical topics that restrict the development of production, such as "bacteria carrying disease", "bacteria tube outdoor summer", "variety breeding and high and stable yield", "biological control of diseases and insect pests" and so on.

(3) policies to support the cultivation of leaders. In the process of promoting the development of edible mushroom industry, the government should directly focus on production development into policies to promote production development, the establishment of production bases by departments into industrial bases built by enterprises, and the development of agricultural departments into industrial management by various departments. Through policy support, enterprises are encouraged to rent mountains and forests, lease land and build their own raw material bases. Help leading enterprises to improve the industrialization management system, reasonably adjust the relationship between the interests of large mushroom farmers and enterprises, promote a close interest alliance between large mushroom farmers and enterprises, and protect the production enthusiasm of mushroom farmers. Pertinently solve the hot issues of liquidity, base, factory land and brand integration of leading enterprises in the process of production and operation, and establish an industrial consultation mechanism with the participation of farmers, enterprises and the government.

(4) Market development and extension marketing. Give full play to the role of the exclusive market and the product distribution market, and strive to build a Tremella professional market and a distribution base for product development and purchase during the Eleventh five-year Plan period. Joint efforts of counties and townships to create an edible fungus marketing platform to enhance the overall efficiency of the edible mushroom industry.

(5) to organize, guarantee and implement. The party committee and the government should regard the edible mushroom industry characterized by Tremella fuciformis as the pillar industry of enriching the people and strengthening the county, set up a set of working groups, enrich a set of scientific research groups, implement a leading leader, adhere to the leadership of a department, and be led by a leading enterprise. continue to grasp year after year, a session of continuous efforts, constant efforts, grasp the scale, and achieve results.