General situation of research and utilization of propolis

Propolis is a kind of gelatinous substance which is collected from buds and bark of plants and mixed with glandular secretions such as tongue glands and wax glands of bees. Propolis is an opaque solid, brownish brown, reddish brown or grayish brown, sometimes with turquoise, a few nearly black. Natural fresh propolis has resin flavor, stickiness and plasticity. It begins to soften at 36 ℃, hardens and becomes brittle at 15 ℃, and melts into a viscous liquid at 60-70 ℃. Propolis is a resin substance, easily soluble in ether, chloroform, acetone, benzene and 2%NaOH solution, soluble in 95% ethanol, the solution is transparent, with the increase of propolis concentration, granular precipitation. The ethanol extract of propolis can reflect the quality of propolis and the grade of propolis. The ethanol extract content of high-quality propolis is generally more than 75%, 65% 75% is first-class, 60%-65% is second-grade, 55%-60% is third-grade, and those less than 50% are foreign products.

1 chemical components

Propolis is basically composed of 50%-55% resin, aromatic oil, 30%-40% beeswax and 5%-10% pollen. The compounds mainly include flavonoids, organic acids, esters, aldehydes, alcohols, alkenes, hydrocarbons, terpenes and so on. Among them, organic acids have strong anti-pathogenic microorganisms and protect the liver, while caffeic acid aromatic esters have anticancer effects.

2 Pharmacological action

2.1 Anti-tumor has the effect of preventing colon gland tumor and improving biochemical indexes during carcinogenesis, anti-melanoma, melanoma and skin tumor.

2.2 Propolis can inhibit more than 20 kinds of pathogenic bacteria, such as Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Salmonella typhimurium and upper respiratory tract infection bacteria, and can increase the synthesis of serum total protein and improve the composition of complements. enhance the phagocytosis of macrophages and improve the ability of the body to resist the invasion of bacteria. Flavonoids and 3-methyl-butene-2 caffeate in propolis can inactivate herpes simplex virus (HSV-1), adenovirus-5, influenza virus, rotavirus and stomatitis virus, especially on HSV-1. 3-methyl-butene-2 caffeate could reduce the titer of HSV-1 virus, and the synthetic ability of virus DNA was 1gam32.

2.3 Propolis extract has protective effects on liver injury induced by carbon tetrachloride, D-galactosamine and alcohol, which is the result of the coordination of many active components in propolis.

2.4 immune regulation propolis can effectively enhance the immune ability of the human body, promote the role of phagocytes, stimulate the production of antibodies in the body, and resist a variety of diseases.

2.5 the water extract, methanol extract and chloroform extract of antioxidant propolis can scavenge the free radicals and oxygen free radicals of 1, 1, 1, 2-Picryhv-drazy1 and 1, 4, 5, 4, 4, 5, 4, 5, 4, 5, 4, 5, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 6, 4, 6, 4, 6, 6, 4, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6 and 6 respectively. The antioxidant activity of phenyl acrylic acid derivative isolated from water extract is stronger than that of Vc and VE.

2.6 improving cardiovascular system propolis contains a large number of flavonoids (3.2g total flavonoids per 100g) and flavonols, which can improve the cardiovascular system to a certain extent.

2.7 Anti-ulcer studies have shown that propolis can promote tissue repair, reduce gastric acid in gastric ulcer model rats, resist the formation of pyloric ligation ulcer, and resist the formation of stress, alcohol and anti-inflammatory ulcer.

3Clinical application.

3.1 Oral diseases propolis has a long history in western countries for the treatment of oral diseases. In recent years, pharmacological studies have shown that propolis has different inhibitory effects on salivary bacteria and streptococcal dental plaque. In the treatment of oral ulcers, the analgesic effect is 100%; the smaller the ulcer surface, the faster the healing, and the fastest epithelial healing is 24 hours.

3.2 Cardiovascular diseases 160 patients with typical hyperviscosity were treated with 30% propolis tincture before meals, 50 drops of propolis tincture, 3 times a day, and propolis tablets at the same time. Whole blood viscosity, plasma specific viscosity, ESR and hematocrit were measured before and after taking propolis tablets. After taking the medicine, the blood viscosity decreased, the mind was clear, the reaction was flexible, the limb numbness disappeared and the physical strength increased.

3.3 Clinical trials of respiratory diseases show that propolis can significantly reduce the incidence of acute and chronic rhinitis in children, and can also resist viruses and bacteria in the upper respiratory tract; in addition, propolis can also relieve cough and expectoration, treat colds and fever, dizziness and nasal congestion, sore throat and so on, and has antiasthmatic effect and anti-inflammatory effect on bronchial asthma.

4 application in food industry

4.1 Natural preservative Huangjian reported that citrus could be stored for 130 days after spraying with 10% propolis tincture for 2 times, and the rotten fruit rate was 7.5%, which was 9.5% less than that of the control group, and the water loss rate was 5.5% lower than that of the control group. The storage time of eggs smeared with 10% propolis tincture is 2 times longer than that without propolis tincture. Eggs smeared with propolis in summer can be preserved for 60 days without deterioration, and yolk sticky shell and slightly peculiar smell appear after 20 days without propolis tincture.

4.2 Natural antioxidants and preservatives for meat products propolis water extract and alcohol extract were used to keep sausage fresh. 0.4% propolis water extract, 0.3% propolis alcohol extract and 0.28% potassium sorbate were added to the sausage. Thiobarbituric acid value and volatile nitrogen in sausages were determined at 1 week, 2 weeks, 3 weeks and 4 weeks, respectively. The water extract of propolis can obviously prolong the shelf life of sausage.

5 extraction of crude propolis → freeze → crushing → ethanol extraction → filtrate → vacuum concentration → propolis paste → cryopreservation filter residue → filtration → repeated extraction of → vacuum concentration → to recover ethanol

5.2.1 Raw material selection and cold treatment choose more than 2 grade propolis and freeze it at-5 ℃ for 5 hours for 6 hours to make it hard and brittle.

5.2.2 the working environment of the ball mill for crushing and extraction treatment should be less than 15 ℃ and the crushing particle size should be 20 mesh. The highest extraction degree can be obtained when the ethanol concentration is 80%, the ratio of material to liquid is 1 ∶ 5, the extraction time is 32 hours, or the concentration of ethanol is 95%, the ratio of material to liquid is 1 ∶ 15, and the extraction time is 32 hours.

5.2.3 Filtration and vacuum concentration of propolis solution after 24 hours of rest, the propolis solution is filtered with a plate and frame filter requiring a screen of more than 400mesh; then the clarified propolis solution is filtered by a diatomite filter or centrifugal filter, and the vacuum concentration pump is turned on to achieve 66.7KPa (500mmHg), the temperature in the tank reaches 145 ℃, ethanol is recovered and the propolis solution is concentrated. Note that the extract in the concentrator must not exceed 2 to 3 of the container volume.

5.1 process flow

5.2 key points of operation

6. Edible

Propolis is best taken on an empty stomach and half an hour before meals for diabetics. Babies and pregnant women should not take propolis, because the functional ingredients in propolis will affect the normal development of the baby's immune system; after pregnant women eat propolis, some bioactive substances will stimulate the uterus, cause uterine contractions and interfere with the normal growth and development of the fetus. Consumption: 0.8g per day.

7 main products

7.1 oral propolis tincture, oral liquid, tablet, capsule, emulsion, chewing gum, propolis wine, propolis honey.

7.2 mouth cleaning type is used for oral hygiene and health care, including propolis toothpaste, mouth cleanser, aerosol, spray and mouthwash.

7.3 external propolis cream, liniment, suppositories, creams, lotions and acne lotions.

7.4 Cosmetic propolis soap, skin care cream, perfume, growth water, spray hair cream.