New cultivation techniques of Pleurotus ostreatus with good quality

Pleurotus mushroom, also known as small oyster mushroom, crisp texture, delicious taste, rich nutrition. It is a kind of mushroom with a straight diameter of less than 3 cm in the collected fruiting body. It is very popular in the market because of its small body, fresh and delicious. The biological characteristics and cultivation techniques were summarized in the past 2 years. The new techniques of high quality cultivation of plesiophora are summarized as follows.

1 Cultivation season

Hypsizygus is a kind of low temperature fungus, the temperature range of fruiting is 5~22℃, the optimum temperature range of fruiting is 13~18℃, and the fruiting temperature is suitable in September ~ October and March ~ May in this area. According to market rules. Generally, mushrooms are produced before the Spring Festival, that is, bags are made from September to October, and mushrooms are produced from October to December.

2 Production of strains

The strain was isolated from No. 11 of Hypsizygus mushroom (introduced from Edible Fungus Cultivation Institute of Huazhong Agricultural University). Parent medium selection enriched PDA medium. The seed culture medium is composed of cottonseed hull 87%, bran 10%, sucrose 1%, gypsum 1%, lime 1%, water content 65%, pH 6~7. The culture medium of the cultivated seed is the same as that of the original seed.

3 Selection of culture medium

Hypsizygus mushroom is a kind of wood rot fungus, which has strong decomposition ability to cellulose and lignin. Therefore, rice straw, wheat straw and other crop straws are commonly used in production to produce plesiops. Straw should be crushed into powder before use, in addition, a variety of raw materials mixed preparation of culture medium cultivation, higher than a single raw material, such as pure cottonseed hull cultivation is not as high as straw and cottonseed hull mixed cultivation. After a variety of raw materials are mixed, insufficient nutrients in a single raw material can be supplemented, physical conditions can be improved, and raw material costs can be reduced. Therefore, when cultivating mushroom, it is necessary to prepare a variety of raw materials. In addition, it is necessary to prepare nitrogen-containing accessories, such as bran, corn flour, rice bran, etc. Corn flour has a good effect on improving the yield of Hypsizygus mushroom, and lime and other raw materials should be prepared to adjust the pH of the culture medium. It can be seen that plesiops mushroom is a kind of edible fungus with great development prospect. Common medium formula: ① cottonseed hull 20%, wheat straw powder 73%, corn flour 5% and lime 2%, water content 60%~65%;② Flammulina velutipes cottonseed hull mushroom residue 50%, cottonseed hull 20%, straw powder 17%, corn flour 10% and lime 3%, water content 60%~65%.

4. Preparation of bacteria bags

Weigh the required raw materials according to the proportion of the culture medium formula, weigh the main materials first, spread them on the ground, and then weigh the auxiliary materials. Mix well and sprinkle over the main ingredients. Then stir the culture medium with a shovel, and mix the main ingredients and auxiliary materials thoroughly and evenly. Water is added according to the ratio of 1∶1.3~1∶1.4, water is added, and the culture medium is fully mixed after water is added, so that the water and nutrients of the culture medium are evenly distributed.

Production cultivation of plesiops mushroom commonly used polyethylene plastic bags, specifications for 22 cm ×42 cm or 23 cm ×45 cm. When clinker cultivation is adopted, polyethylene plastic bags of 17 cm ×33 cm specifications can also be used. After the bags are packed, the soil is sterilized under normal pressure for 12~15 hours, and when it is cooled to below 30℃, it is inoculated by two inoculation methods. When fermentation medium is adopted for cultivation, various main materials are fully and evenly mixed according to the formula of culture medium, and then the fermentation is carried out in a heap; when the temperature rises to more than 60 DEG C, the heap is turned over once a day for 4 to 5 times; when the color of the heap is brown, white or greyish white actinomycetes exist from the middle upper part of the heap to 1 cm of the surface layer of the heap, and the compost has special fermentation fragrance, no rancid smell and no ammonia smell; and after the compost is held by hands, water can only seep out from the finger seam. spread out that pile, when the temperature drops to about 30 DEG C, mix bran, corn flour, gypsum powder, lime and compound fertilizer, spray disinfectant and pesticide at the same time, mix evenly, and bagging can be carried out, and inoculating bacteria adopts a three-layer material and four-layer seed method.

5 Culture management

During the culture period, temperature and humidity regulation management should be done well, so as to keep the temperature between bacteria bags between 20~28℃, the highest temperature should not exceed 35℃, and when the temperature is higher than 45℃, the bacteria will be burned to death. The lowest temperature is not lower than 18℃, otherwise the mycelium grows slowly. If horizontal stacking is adopted, the temperature shall be detected at any time. When high temperature above 40℃ occurs, ventilation and heat dissipation shall be strengthened in time. Special attention should be paid to the temperature rise in the bacteria bag 3 days after inoculation. At this time, the temperature should be detected in time to prevent high temperature from burning the bacteria. In addition, the culture place is required to be dry. During high temperature, ventilation should be strengthened to avoid high temperature and high humidity environment, resulting in miscellaneous bacterial infection. After 25~30 days, the hyphae can grow full of bags, and then enter the fruiting management.

6 Mushroom management

The bags are arranged horizontally, each row is stacked with 6 - 7 layers of bacteria bags to form a row of bacteria bag walls, the distance between each row is 40 cm to make sidewalks, and the tying rope is removed after the bags are arranged, so as to facilitate the growth of fruit bodies.

After inducing the fruiting body to form the fungus bag, keep the scattered light in the mushroom house, use the light to induce the fruiting body primordium formation, and the light intensity is suitable for clear management. The temperature is between 10~20℃, meanwhile, the doors and windows are opened at night, and the temperature difference is enlarged to stimulate the formation of fruiting body primordium. However, to prevent high temperatures, the primordium will die when the temperature is higher than 25℃. Humidity can satisfy the formation of primordium with natural humidity, and it is unnecessary to spray water to moisturize. It is advisable to keep the temperature at 13~18℃ and the humidity at 85%~90% to prevent the surface of the bag from losing water and drying, which affects the formation of primordium. During the period of primordium formation, the demand for water is small, mainly using the water in the culture medium to meet its growth, but it is necessary to prevent high temperature above 25℃ and high concentration of carbon dioxide, otherwise it will affect the normal differentiation of primordium, grow into abnormal mushrooms, or die. In addition, when the primordium is formed, the tie rope should be removed in time to avoid being compressed by the seal and growing into abnormal mushrooms. The management of fruiting body growth and development stage is the key to obtain high quality and high yield, mainly doing a good job in temperature, humidity, light and ventilation management.

The temperature range of fruiting body growth was 5~22℃, and the optimum temperature was 13~18℃. The higher the temperature, the faster the fruit body grows, and the thinner the lid, the lighter the color, the shorter the stalk and the lower the quality. When the temperature is higher than 25℃, it often grows into abnormal mushrooms. When the temperature is lower than 8℃, the surface of the cap will appear tumors, which will affect the quality of goods. Therefore, when the temperature is low, it is necessary to reduce the amount of ventilation, simulate the cold air into the mushroom room, and reduce the temperature. When the temperature is higher than 22℃, it is necessary to increase ventilation, reduce illumination, increase water spray and do a good job of heat insulation and cooling management.

Humidity management During the period of fruiting body growth and development, it is necessary to maintain the relative humidity of the air between 85% and 95% in order to grow and develop. When the humidity is lower than 70%, the growth speed slows down, and when it is serious, the young mushrooms will wither and die. Humidity regulation is mainly through water spraying to increase humidity, water spraying should be flexible according to climate conditions, in sunny days, dry climate, to increase the amount of water spraying, spray 1~2 times a day, cloudy days and rainy days less or no water spraying. When spraying water, spray less frequently, mainly to the ground and surrounding walls, do not pour water on the fruit body, once the fruit body absorbs too much water, the growth will stop, and finally turn yellow and rot.

During the period of fruiting body growth and development, ventilation should not be too large, otherwise the stalk is short and the cap is easy to stretch. Regularly ventilate 1~2 times a day, supplement fresh air, and appropriately reduce carbon dioxide concentration. In short, during the growth and development of plesiops mushroom fruiting body, it is necessary to appropriately reduce ventilation and increase carbon dioxide concentration in order to grow into a mushroom with long stalk and small cap and achieve high quality product standards.

Light management During the period of fruiting body growth and development, the fruiting body of Hypsizygus mushroom could grow and develop normally only under scattered light, and the light intensity should be just enough to see clearly the management.

7 Recovery and management

Because the fruiting bodies of Hypsizygus mushroom grow in groups, when most of the cap diameter of a clump of fruiting bodies reaches 1.0~1.5 cm, it should be harvested in time. When harvesting, hold the mushroom body with your palm upward, pinch the mushroom handle with your fingers and pick it off. After picking it off, package it in different grades, and immediately@#@136 @#@.

After harvest, remove mushroom feet, dead mushrooms, diseased mushrooms, timely supplement water, nutrients, continue to mushroom management.

8 Pest control

The main diseases and insect pests occurred in the cultivation process of plesiops mushroom are Trichoderma, Penicillium, Alternaria, mushroom mosquitoes and mushroom flies, etc. Prevention should be given priority to comprehensive control. Do a good job of environmental sanitation, to prevent Trichoderma, Penicillium and other miscellaneous bacteria pollution, timely inspection, early detection, found contaminated bacteria bags should be placed separately, and 15% of the Clomid injection contaminated parts. Bacterial bags contaminated with Alternaria rubra should be eliminated immediately. Insect pests generally occur in spring and summer, can be trapped by black light, can also spray biological insects kill (edible fungi dedicated) for control. In pest control, early control is necessary.