Biological characteristics of Pleurotus ostreatus

Slippery mushrooms, also known as slippery mushrooms, bare-cap scale umbrellas, Japanese are called Naomi mushrooms. Scientific name pholiotanamekio. In botanical classification, it belongs to fungal phylum, subphylum basidiomycetes, basidiomycetes, Umbellifera, hyphomycetes and Umbelliferae. Is a rare variety, originated in Japan, since the mid-1970s, began in the southern part of Liaoning Province, and now the main producing areas are northern Hebei, Liaoning, Heilongjiang and other places. Since our county began large-scale production in 1989, making use of the advantages of local resources and climate, and through the continuous technological innovation of the majority of scientific and technological personnel, the production quantity and quality of Pleurotus ostreatus have been continuously improved, and now it has become the leading product of the edible mushroom industry in our county. In 2004, the output was 50,000 tons, accounting for 40% of the national output and 25% of the world output. It has become a good project for the vast rural areas of our county to shake off poverty and become rich.

1. Biological characteristics

1.1 nutritious Pleurotus ostreatus is a wood-rot fungus, which grows on broad-leaved trees in nature, especially on the cutting and fallen trees of Fagaceae. Artificial cultivation of Pleurotus ostreatus is based on sawdust, straw, rice bran, wheat bran and other agricultural by-products rich in lignin, cellulose, hemicellulose and protein. The demand for auxin of Pleurotus ostreatus does not need to be added in the commonly used formula with rice bran and wheat bran as culture medium.

1.2 the mycelium of Pleurotus ostreatus can grow at 5 ℃ ~ 32 ℃, and the optimum temperature is 22 ℃ ~ 25 ℃. The fruiting body can grow between 5 ℃ and 18 ℃, and when it is higher than 20 ℃, the fruiting body has thin cap, thin stalk, early opening of umbrella, less than 5 ℃, slow growth and almost no growth.

1.3 the cultivation of Pleurotus ostreatus does not need direct light, but there must be enough scattered light. The hyphae can grow normally in the dark environment, but the light can induce the mycelium of Pleurotus ostreatus to produce mushrooms. Some scattered light should be given in the stage of mushroom emergence. The light is too dark, the color of the cap is light, the stalk is slender, and the quality is poor, which will affect the yield.

1.4. Humidity the water content of mycelium culture material should be 60%-65%. In the fruiting body formation stage, the water content of the culture material is 75%-80%, and the air relative humidity is 85%-95%.

1.5. Pleurotus ostreatus is also an aerobic fungus, and the demand for oxygen is related to respiratory intensity. In early spring, at the beginning of inoculation, when the temperature is low and the mycelium grows slowly, a small amount of oxygen can meet the needs; with the increase of air temperature, the metabolism of mycelium increases, the amount of respiration increases, and the amount of mycelium increases, it is necessary to pay attention to the ventilation of mushroom room and the ventilation inside and outside the material package. During the mushroom emergence stage, the metabolism of the fruiting body is very exuberant, and fresh air is more needed. In the environment, such as the concentration of carbon dioxide is more than 1%, the fruiting body has small cap, fine stalk and early opening of the umbrella.

1.6. the acidity and alkalinity of the medium directly affects the activity of cellular enzymes, and the mycelium growth of Pleurotus ostreatus needs pH value 5-6. The pH of the culture material made of sawdust, wheat bran and rice bran is generally 6-7, but the ph value decreases after heating and sterilization, and there is no need to adjust the ph value.

2. High-yield cultivation techniques

2.1Pleurotus ostreatus belongs to the fruiting type of low temperature and variable temperature in the cultivation season. Spring seeds and autumn seeds are generally used in the north of China, and semi-clinker cultivation is suitable for cultivation. It is best to choose the early spring season when the temperature is below 8 ℃, and the best sowing time is from the middle of February to the middle of March.

2.2 selection of excellent bacteria

The ⑴ varieties were divided into very early species (7 ℃ ~ 20 ℃), early species (5 ℃-15 ℃), mesophytic species (7 ℃-12 ℃) and late species (5 ℃-10 ℃) according to different temperature. Producers should select excellent varieties according to local climate, cultivation methods and purposes. At present, the main varieties in the main producing areas are Zaofeng 112, C31and so on.

⑵ strain selection requirements do not degenerate, not mixed, from the appearance of the mycelium white, fluffy, growth dense, uniform, robust; requirements of bacteria age in 50Mel 60 days, not aging, not shrinking, no stagnant phenomenon; selection of bacteria should be used in combination with various varieties, not a single variety, to prevent mushroom production too concentrated on the product @ # @ 136.

2.3 the construction of a good cultivation site for Pleurotus ostreatus shed is the basic condition for the normal growth and development of Pleurotus ostreatus. Under the current production level and economic conditions in rural areas, free housing is generally used because of bad conditions, and the shed is used as a mushroom. There are also cultivation of Pleurotus ostreatus in air-raid shelters, caves and other places, and most of them use a dual-purpose, that is, the mycelium culture room and the fruiting body growth and development room.

Now the standardized production generally adopts the shutter type mushroom shed, the height of the shed is 3.5m, and the culture shelf in the shed can be set up by layers of wood and bamboo poles. The height of the shed is 1.7m~1.8m, the width is 0.6m, the bottom layer is 0.2m from the ground, and the distance between the layers and shelves is 0.3m~0.4m. It is appropriate to set up seven layers with 0.8m walkway in the middle. Cement can also be used as a pillar to pull four No. 8 iron lines as a crossbar structure.

2.4 commonly used formula (1) sawdust 77%, wheat bran (or rice bran) 20%, gypsum 2%, calcium superphosphate 1%, ph 6.0 Mel 6.5, water content 60% Mui 65.

(2) the formula currently promoted is: sawdust 84%, wheat bran or rice bran 12%, corn meal 2.5%, gypsum 1%, lime 0.5%, ph 6.0 muri 6.5, water content 60%. 65%.

2.5 mix the culture material in proportion, stir evenly, add water according to the dry and wet of the raw material, make the water content up to 60%, 65%, and pile up for 30 minutes.

2.6Sterilization ⑴ adopts bulk sterilization steam type (inflatable boiler) layer by layer sterilization method. First of all, spread a layer of gunny bag on the drawer to avoid leakage, and then spread the culture material about 6cm~8cm on the drawer when the steam comes up (you can't press it with your hand or spade). When the atmosphere comes up, use a spade to spread the material layer by layer, so that the material is evenly distributed and keep the gas under pressure, so that it can be loaded layer by layer and filled with 8 points, that is, the material surface is loaded to 20cm away from the upper mouth. Cover, compaction, fire up to 100℃ after holding for 2 hours, and then stuffy 30-40 minutes while the pot can be hot, sterilization must be thorough, each pot is suitable for sterilization 200-500 plates (note the use of coarse sawdust as the main material should prolong the sterilization time).

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