Cultivation technique of volvariella volvacea

The cultivation of volvariella volvacea originated in South China and has been cultivated for more than 200 years. Straw mushroom is not only fat, crispy and smooth, delicious, but also has high nutritional value, which is rich in protein, essential amino acids and vitamin C. Regular consumption of straw mushrooms can enhance the body's immunity to diseases, as well as anti-cancer treatment, lowering plasma cholesterol and reducing blood pressure. it is also a good food for patients with diabetes, and it is a kind of delicious and healthy food. it is very popular in domestic and foreign markets. The economic benefit of cultivated volvariella volvacea is remarkable, and the ratio of input to output is up to 1: 1 / 2 / 3, so it is a promising industry.

1. Morphological characteristics of volvariella volvacea

The morphology of volvariella volvacea can be divided into two parts: mycelium and fruiting body. The mycelium was light white, translucent, filamentous and branched with naked eyes. The fruiting body was white and smooth when it was first formed, and a bud was formed after 1 to 2 days. After 3 to 4 days, the stalk elongated, and the cap broke through the receptacle and became a mature umbrella-opening fruiting body. The fruiting body consists of four parts: cap, fold, stalk and receptacle.

2. Living conditions of volvariella volvacea

1. Nutrition: the nutrients needed for straw mushrooms are mainly carbohydrates, nitrogen and various minerals, as well as a certain amount of vitamins. Such as sugar, starch, hemicellulose and cellulose; organic and inorganic nitrogen; potassium, phosphorus, calcium, sulfur, manganese, magnesium and other mineral elements. Generally speaking, the nutrients needed by volvariella volvacea can be obtained from cottonseed shell, waste cotton, rice straw, cow dung, wheat bran, rice bran, bagasse and soil.

2. Temperature: volvariella volvacea is a high-temperature fungus. The temperature range of mycelium growth is 20 ℃ 40 ℃, and the optimum temperature is 32 ℃ 35 ℃. The mycelium growth is very weak below 20 ℃, and stops growing at 10 ℃. The mycelium below 5 ℃ or above 45 ℃ dies quickly. The temperature range of fruiting body is 25 ℃ and 35 ℃, and the optimum temperature is 28 ℃. It is disadvantageous to the growth and development of fruiting body when it is lower than 20 ℃ or higher than 35 ℃.

Volvariella volvacea is a constant temperature fruiting type fungus, which is very sensitive to external temperature changes during the period of fruiting body formation and development. The hot and cold climate is extremely disadvantageous to the growth of the fruiting body. In the cultivation season, the temperature is required to be stable above 20 ℃, otherwise the yield is not high and unstable.

3. Moisture: lack of water causes drought and the yield is not high. Excessive water and poor ventilation inhibit respiration, resulting in the death of a large number of hyphae and buds. Practice has proved that the water content of the culture material is 60%, 65% is suitable for the mycelium growth of volvariella volvacea, and the maximum is not more than 70%. When the fruiting body develops, the air relative humidity is required to reach 85% Mur90%, more than 95% straw mushroom is perishable, and it is easy to be infected with miscellaneous bacteria, less than 80%, straw mushroom growth is slow, the surface is rough, lack of luster, and the yield is low.

4. Air: sufficient oxygen is an important condition for the normal growth and development of volvariella volvacea. Lack of oxygen, accumulation of too much carbon dioxide, often resulting in growth arrest or death due to inhibition of respiration. Therefore, the place of slow air convection should be selected during cultivation. If there is too much ventilation, the moisture is easy to lose, which is also disadvantageous to the growth of volvariella volvacea.

5. PH (pH): straw mushroom prefers alkali environment. The spores of volvariella volvacea germinate, and the suitable pH value is pH6-7.5. The mycelium has a wide adaptability to pH, pH4- 10.3 can grow, and the fruiting body growth is suitable for pH8. PH7.5-8 is suitable for the formula of culture material.

6. Light: the growth of mycelium does not need light, but direct sunlight will inhibit the growth of mycelium. The formation and development of fruiting bodies need a certain amount of scattered light. The light is strong, the fruit body color is dark and shiny, robust, strong disease resistance, dense tissue; lack of light, fruit body gray and dim, even white, mushroom body tissue is also loose. However, the strong direct light has a serious inhibitory effect on the fruiting body. Therefore, the outdoor cultivation of straw mushrooms must be covered with straw curtains.

3. Cultivation techniques of volvariella volvacea

1. Determination of cultivation season

According to the temperature requirements of the growth and development of volvariella volvacea and the local climatic characteristics, the sowing time of indoor bed frame cultivation is from late June to early September, and the sowing time of outdoor plastic greenhouse or greenhouse should be from early July to late August. After the general "plum", start to pile up the material. The growth period of volvariella volvacea is short, which is generally about one month from sowing to harvest, so it can be cultivated continuously for 3 crops in the same cultivation site.

2. Formula and stacking of culture materials

Straw mushroom can be cultivated with cottonseed shell, waste cotton and rice straw, but it is required to be fresh without mildew. Expose to the sun for 3 days before stacking to kill miscellaneous bacteria and pests. 5% lime powder is added when mixing, and the lime powder is mixed into lime water. The wet cotton shell or waste cotton is piled into a pile with a height of 1 meter, a width of 1.5 meters and an unlimited length, and a few holes are drilled with bamboo poles to facilitate ventilation and promote the activity of microorganisms, then covered with plastic film and turned once on the third day for a total of 5 min for 6 days. Add 0.1% carbendazim before sowing. The mixture of carbendazim is sprayed with a sprayer and sprayed while turning the material to strive for uniformity. The pH value of the stacked material should be determined, and if the pH value is less than 8, it should be adjusted with lime water to make the pH value of the culture material reach 8 Mel 9.

3. Build a shed to make a bed

Choose the construction shed with high terrain, convenient drainage and close to water source. The roof is 1.3 meters high, 2 meters wide and 8 meters long, leaving a walkway 0.4 meters wide and 0.3 meters deep in the middle of the shed, with 0.8 meters wide on each side as mushroom beds, framed with bamboo slices and covered with agricultural film and grass curtains. Drains are opened around the outside of the shed. Disinfect the mushroom bed with 5% lime water before sowing.

4. Sowing and management

Spread the stacked culture material on the bed, with 25 jin per square meter, depending on the temperature. If the temperature is high, the material is a little thinner, the temperature is low, the material can be thicker. The material is laid in a ridge or wavy type. The strain is sown with 10% of the seed, or it can be calculated according to square meters, with 2 bags of bacteria per square meter. After sowing, slightly compacted, covered with film, heat preservation and moisturizing. The management of bacteriological period is mainly to coordinate the contradiction between ventilation, heat preservation and moisturization. Volvariella volvacea is an aerobic fungus with high oxygen demand, so the days of film mulching are generally controlled at 2 / 2 / 3 days. If the material temperature is more than 36 ℃, the material temperature should be below 36 ℃. Ventilation should be done 3 times a day for 0.5 hours each time. In order to facilitate management, 5 days after sowing (hyphae covered the bed), cover the soil, the soil layer 1cm or so, that is, it is appropriate not to expose the cotton shell, and the soil particles should be fine. After covering the soil, spray and soak with 1% lime water clarifier to keep the soil particles wet. In general, the primordium is formed on the eighth to tenth day after sowing. After the straw mushroom is formed, it is not possible to spray water directly on the mushroom body, spray or water into the air or the ground, so as to keep the air relative humidity in the mushroom room above 85%.

5. Management of harvesting and turning tide

The growth rate of volvariella volvacea is fast, and it takes only 5 days from primordium formation to harvest. When the base of the mushroom body begins to elongate and the bract membrane is not broken, it should be harvested twice a day in the peak harvest period. The bioconversion rate of Pleurotus ostreatus is generally up to 20%.

Volvariella volvacea has rapid mycelial growth and rapid aging, and the total bioconversion rate is 30%. At the end of the first tide of mushroom harvest, the bed should be cleaned in time and dead mushrooms and mushroom stalks should be dug up. Then 1% lime water was sprayed to adjust the pH value of the culture material and increase the water content of the material, and the second tide mushroom came out after film mulching for 2 days and generally 5 min for 7 days. Management after mushroom production is the same as above.

6. Early and delayed cultivation of volvariella volvacea

Choosing houses or foam houses and sheds with good thermal insulation as cultivation places is beneficial to temperature increase and heat preservation. Coal or coal cake is used as heating fuel. Use the pipe to heat up, pay attention to discharge the combustion waste gas outdoors. Adopt layer-shelf cultivation, replenish water, and strengthen the management of heat preservation and ventilation.

Other management techniques are the same as conventional volvariella volvacea cultivation.