Production techniques of plane cultivation and subculture of Pleurotus ostreatus

Pleurotus ostreatus has a broad development prospect in Shandong Province because of its strong growth potential, good stress resistance, easy cultivation and popularization, high biological efficiency and so on. Shandong Province is a major cotton planting province, and the planting area of cotton has increased in a straight line in recent years, and the cottonseed shell is of high quality and low price. Now the cottonseed shell is used as the main material, the plane cultivation of fermentation material is adopted, and the production technology of subculture of Pleurotus ostreatus is introduced as follows.

I. strain production

1. Select strains with strong growth potential, good stress resistance, high and stable yield, and adapt to a wide range of temperature, such as Yuhuang-1 and Yuhuang-2, the mycelium growth temperature is 535 degrees, and the appropriate temperature is 20: 30 degrees. The temperature for the differentiation and growth of fruiting body is 10: 30 degrees, the optimum temperature is 825 degrees, and the biological yield of conventional cultivation can reach 150%, and the transformation rate of subculture can reach 200%. It is an excellent strain suitable for cultivation in Shandong Province.

2. Strain production

The main results were as follows: (1) the mother seed was enriched with improved PDA medium: potato (peeled, sliced, boiled juice) 200g, wheat bran 50g, sucrose 20g, peptone 28, potassium dihydrogen phosphate 3G, magnesium sulfate 1.5g, Agar 20g, water 1000ml. It is required to meet the technical specifications: the mycelium is white and sturdy, the aerial hyphae is rich, the mycelium is strong, the mycelium is cultured at 25 degrees constant temperature, and the full tube time is less than 7 days. Every year, the mother seed should be separated from the fruiting body with strong growth potential and good quality, and be used as the mother seed for production after purification, rejuvenation and mushroom experiment.

(2) the conventional media for original and cultivated species are grain medium and cottonseed hull medium. A grain medium: @ # @ 245grains (or sorghum grains) 99%, gypsum 1%. Wash the wheat grains (or sorghum grains) with clean water, soak them in clean water for 12 hours (the soaking time is determined by the temperature), boil for 20 minutes, cook until the wheat grains (sorghum grains) expand and soften, without heart, do not break the skin, remove, drain water, mix evenly into gypsum powder, fill 500ml salt water bottle or 750ml jar, cotton stopper, sterilize at 121 degrees high temperature and pressure for 22.5 hours, cool and inoculate sterile. After inoculation, the mycelium was cultured at a constant temperature of 25 degrees and the mycelium was full within 20 days. B cottonseed hull medium: cottonseed hull 90%, wheat bran 10% (or cottonseed hull 94%, corn meal 5%, gypsum 1%, potassium dihydrogen phosphate 0.2%, magnesium sulfate 0.1%), the ratio of material to water is 1 ∶ 1.35. 15cm~17cm × 33cm~35cm polypropylene bag was sterilized under high pressure for 2.5 hours or under normal pressure for 12 hours. After aseptic inoculation, the mycelium was cultured at 25 degrees Celsius for less than 28 days.

2. Cultivation techniques

1. Seasonal arrangement according to the requirements of environmental temperature of Pleurotus ostreatus, cultivation can be arranged in spring and autumn. The temperature rises quickly in spring and the mushroom emergence period is short. In Shandong Province, cultivation is mainly arranged in autumn. Activated mother seed (July 1)-original seed preparation (July 10)-cultivated seed preparation (August 5)-mushroom bag preparation (September 1) mushroom cultivation (October 1)-mushroom emergence and management (October 15-December 10).

2. Raw material selection and ingredient treatment the mycelium of Pleurotus ostreatus grows fast and has strong anti-impurity ability. there are many raw materials suitable for its growth, such as cottonseed shell, sawdust, wheat bran, corncob and all kinds of crop straw. it can be cultivated with raw meal, clinker, semi-clinker and fermentation material. It has been proved by many years' experiments that using cottonseed hull as the main material, fermentation treatment, plane cultivation and subculture of Pleurotus ostreatus with soil has the advantages of simple process, reliable yield and good product quality, so it is a high-yield cultivation model worth popularizing.

(1) Culture material formula: cottonseed hull 86%, wheat bran 10%, lime 3%, potassium dihydrogen phosphate 0.5%, urea 0.5%, mushroom 5ml/50kg, mushroom 125ml/50kg, anthracene fertilizer 5ml/50kg, material-water ratio 1 ∶ 1.25-1.3.

(2) heap fermentation: select the fresh cottonseed shell of the year, spread out and expose the cottonseed shell for 2 to 3 days before fermentation. Take the required main and auxiliary materials according to the formula, sprinkle wheat bran and lime powder evenly on the cottonseed shell, put potassium dihydrogen phosphate, urea and trace element additives into the water, melt and stir well, splash into the culture material, and then turn the material with a shovel and mix it evenly with a blender to begin heap fermentation. Less material can be made into a circular pile, and more material can be stacked into a long strip pile with a bottom width of 1.2 to 1.5 meters, a height of 0.8 meters and an unlimited length, punching holes every 0.5 meters with a wooden stick of 3 centimeters in diameter, straight to the bottom of the stack, the surface of the stack is covered with woven bags or plastic film, and the film is ventilated every 4 hours. When the material temperature rises to about 60 degrees, the first turn of the pile should be meticulous and uniform, so that the low-temperature drying layer of the upper layer and the anaerobic fermentation layer of the lower layer exchange places with the high-temperature fermentation layer in the middle. If the bottom layer becomes black and smelly, a small amount of quicklime powder can be added. Keep the material temperature stable above 55 degrees, turn the pile once in 36 hours, before and after turning the pile for a total of 3 to 4 times, about 7 days, when the end of the last turn, there are a large number of white actinomycetes at the highest temperature in the material layer, and the culture material is brown. When there is no acid, smell and other peculiar smell, the fermentation can be terminated, and the material can be cooled in batches and bagged and inoculated when the material temperature drops below 30 degrees.

3. 43~45cm × 26~28cm × 0.0025cm high density and low pressure polyethylene plastic bag was selected for bag inoculation. Use a sewing machine needle to pierce 3 rows of pinholes at both ends and in the middle of the bag to facilitate ventilation and increase oxygen and speed up the occurrence of bacteria. When bagging, first tie one end of the plastic bag with a rope, sprinkle it into a handful of bacteria block (from a small jujube to an egg), load it into the fermented culture material, pack it and compact it in the middle, sprinkle a layer of bacteria, and then sprinkle a layer of bacteria from the mouth of the bag to 6~7cm, flatten and compact, so that the strain is in close contact with the culture material, and then tie the mouth of the bag tightly with rope. The key to inoculation is multiple inoculation at the mouth of both bags, and the amount of inoculation accounts for 3 / 4 of the total amount of bacteria, which makes the mycelium of Pleurotus ostreatus occupy the material surface first and restrain the growth of exotic miscellaneous bacteria. The amount of inoculation is 1315% of the dry material weight.

4. Row bags to send bacteria to choose leeward to the sun, high dry and flat terrain, convenient drainage, clean open-air sunshade net or tree shade around the environment, or choose a clean free house as a sterilization room, sprinkle a layer of lime powder on the ground to remove wet disinfection, (1) row bags: according to the temperature at that time, determine the number of layers of bacteria bags. When the temperature is above 20 degrees, the first layer of the bacterial bag is placed in a single row under the tree shade or under the sunshade net. When the temperature is 15-18 degrees, the bacterial bag-3 layer is placed in a single row. When the temperature is about 10 degrees, the bacterial bag is placed in a single row in 3-4 layers. When the temperature is 0-5 degrees, the bacterial bag is placed in 4-5 layers and double rows. During the whole process, the temperature of the bacterial bag should always be controlled below 28 degrees Celsius. (2) turning the pile and picking: check for contamination of miscellaneous bacteria 5 days after inoculation, turn the pile for the first time in 7-8 days, and turn the pile every 7 days after that, combined with each inspection and removal of contaminated bags, and deal with them in time.

5. Mushroom bed preparation and filling material fermentation in the mushroom shed, dig the mushroom bed with a depth of 20cm and a width of 110cm to 120cm in the north-south direction, leave the 40~50cm operation channel between the border and the border, sprinkle a small amount of quicklime powder in the border, mix well with the topsoil and water thoroughly.

Filling material preparation: cut all kinds of crop straw (corn straw, soybean straw, etc.) into 2~3cm long segments, pre-wet without adding any additive, only mixed with 30% fertilizer soil pile fermentation for 4 days for 5 days, prepared as subgeneration soil cultivation filler.

6. Take off the bag and enter the bed

The main results are as follows: (1) in plane cultivation, the bags full of bacteria were removed from the outer film, arranged in the border according to the spacing of 2~3cm, and filled with 2~3cm fertile soil in the middle and above. Preparation method of covering soil: take the soil below 10cm on the surface of vegetable garden soil, disinfect it with 2% lime water or 0.1% carbendazim aqueous solution, and the soil moisture shall be dispersed as soon as you fall to the ground in a handheld mass.

(2) subculture in soil: take off the outer bag of Pleurotus ostreatus, put it in the border with a spacing of 10 cm, fill the straw fermentation material, increase the number of mycelium and the nutrient absorption area of mycelium, so as to increase the yield and increase the benefit. According to the study, the cultivation characteristics of Pleurotus ostreatus are similar to those of Pleurotus ostreatus, so it can also be subcultured.

7. The management of mushroom production was covered for 5-6 days. After the mycelium was unearthed, heavy water was sprayed once, the ambient temperature was controlled at 10-15 degrees, low temperature stimulation was carried out for 3-5 days, and appropriate amount of scattered light was given at the same time. When the beige Pleurotus ostreatus primordium is formed on the border painting, increase the air relative humidity to 85-95%, the temperature to 18-25 degrees, and pay attention to ventilation and insect prevention.

8. After harvesting and later managing the primordium of Pleurotus ostreatus, it will mature in 7-10 days under normal circumstances. It can be harvested when the edge of the fruiting body cap is wavy and a small amount of spores are ejected. Stop spraying water one day before harvest. When harvesting, hold down the material surface with one hand, insert the other hand into the lower side of the fruiting body and rotate it off, or cut off the fruiting body at the base of the fungal stalk with a knife. After the fruit body is harvested, stop spraying water for 2-3 days, remove the mushroom root and abnormal mushroom, loosen the aged mycelium, fill the new soil, if there is no water in the material, make a hole to replenish water, and in the middle and later stage of mushroom production, you can add water to the culture material and replenish the bow culture liquid. Can also spray mushroom music, mushroom Zhuang Su, amino acid multi-element fertilizer and other trace element fertilizer.

Third, the cultivation history of Pleurotus ostreatus in Shandong is short, and the popularization area is small. During the experiment and pilot test, no infectious diseases were found, and the incidence of physiological diseases was lower than that of conventional cultivated varieties such as Pleurotus ostreatus, so we only investigated and controlled the pests of Pleurotus ostreatus.

Pleurotus ostreatus has the characteristics of producing mushrooms at high temperature, and its color is bright yellow, so it is easy to cause insect pests. According to the multi-point systematic investigation in the mushroom house, there are four main pests in the mushroom shed, namely, eye mosquito, lice fly, mite and gall mosquito. Eye mosquitoes are the dominant species, accounting for 90% of the number of pests.

Eye mosquitoes, synonymous sharp-eyed mosquitoes, are common in Shandong. In the mushroom house, many generations occur in a year, and the generations overlap. In the early ten days of March, the occurrence of thieves peaked from late March to mid-June. The adult is lively and often hides in the dark place between the bacteria bags or under the mushroom during the day, and is hidden by flying for a short distance after being hung. Also often fly to the corner, doors and windows and other places, the most active in the evening, there are obvious phototaxis and mushroom (like yellow) sex. The life span of adults is short, usually about 3 days. After death, adults mostly adhere to the back or front of mushroom body, which affects the quality of goods. The larvae like to live in groups and feed actively, harming the hyphae, primordia and young mushrooms, and the bags that reproduce mushrooms in spring suffer seriously.

Control methods: the occurrence period of eye bacteria and mosquitoes is often in the mushroom stage, and the insecticide has a good insecticidal effect, but it is prone to drug damage, so comprehensive measures should be taken.

First, do a good job in mushroom shed sanitation and environmental hygiene, and reduce the source of insects.

Second, before the first ten days of early spring, the mushroom shed doors and vents were closed with fine screen to reduce the source of exotic insects.

Third, after mid-March, lower the greenhouse temperature as much as possible and control the greenhouse temperature at 15-20 degrees.

Fourth, chemical prevention and control.

(1) DDV80% original solution fumigation, the original solution dipped with cotton (according to the dosage of 0.5ml/ cubic meters), hanging in doors and windows, vents, greenhouse fumigation.

(2) use low-fold pyrethroids pesticide spray, but must pay attention to the safe interval of 5-7 days.