Cold resistant cultivation techniques of Zizyphus jujuba

The cultivation of jujube in Liaoning Province is mainly concentrated in Chaoyang, Huludao and Jinzhou. In recent years, the high price of jujube, especially the high benefit of excellent new varieties, drives many growers in many areas to introduce and plant in large areas one after another, but most of them fail because of freezing injury. The newly developed areas are limited to Dalian and Yingkou, and the varieties are only pear jujube, Jinling jujube and so on. Other areas are still sporadic courtyard planting, and most of them are old varieties. In order to improve the development of jujube production in Liaoning Province, the author thinks that more attention should be paid to the cold-resistant cultivation of jujube.

1 selection of cold-resistant varieties

There are nearly one hundred main varieties of jujube in China, and different varieties have different adaptability to different environments, so we should avoid blindness in the selection of varieties. Under the premise of paying attention to the commodity, we should first consider the climate difference between the producing area of the variety and the place of introduction, as well as the adaptation range of the variety, and then carry on the small area trial planting.

Pay attention to merchandise

The variety should have the characteristics of good quality and high market price, and its benefit is higher than that of other fruit trees such as apple and pear in a certain period (within 5-10 years). For example, the pear jujube is big, the winter jujube skin is thin and crisp, the sweet taste is very strong, and the jujube taste is sour and sweet, and the fruit is neat. The price of pear jujube was 30 yuan / kg in 1998 and 5 yuan / kg in 2004, which was 1.5 times higher than that of apple and pear.

1.2 the premise is adaptability

In the selection of varieties, in addition to the commodity of varieties, but also to examine the adaptability of varieties, especially the cold resistance of varieties. It is also necessary to know whether this variety has been planted in this area and how it performs. In particular, consider whether the local climatic conditions are consistent with the origin, whether the frost-free period is enough, and whether it can meet the needs of temperature, light, water and so on in different phenological periods.

1.3 must go through trial planting

For the selected varieties, representative plots were selected for small-scale trial planting, its adaptability and fruit economy were investigated, and then popularized in a large area on the basis of successful trial planting.

2 planting

The level of planting technology directly affects the quality of the garden, the growth and development of the tree, and then the cold resistance of the tree. When planting, we should strictly check the planting period, seedling quality and planting methods to ensure that the slow seedling is fast, the survival rate is high, and the growth is neat and robust.

2.1 planting period

It is generally carried out before budding, not prematurely. Liaoning usually takes place from late April to early May.

Jujube sprouts late, and the buds begin to sprout only when the temperature reaches 13-14 ℃ in spring. Under the condition that the root activity begins to strengthen before germination, the tree can get sufficient nutrients and water to meet the needs of its growth and development. Early planting, poor root activity, will be caused by long-term drought, slow seedlings, and even false death or death.

2.2 Seedling quality

2.2.1 No frost damage

When selecting seedlings, we should first check whether the seedlings have frost injury. Check whether there are cracks in the cortex within the root and neck 20cm, and whether the cambium turns yellow, brown or black. If so, it can not be used to build a garden. Generally frozen seedlings should not move in place, reduce the damage to the root system, let it recover naturally, heal the injured parts, and then be reused in the coming year.

2.2.2 High maturity

The seedlings with plant height of 80~120cm and full bud band of 40-60cm were selected when selecting seedlings. This kind of seedlings has a lot of nutrient accumulation, strong cold resistance, fast germination and exuberant growth after drying. When the seedlings are too tall, most of them stop growing late, the storage nutrition level is low, the cold resistance is poor, and the position of full buds is high, most of them are shrunken buds below the fixed stem height, the sprouting is late, the branching ability is poor, the tree growth potential is weak, and there is often false death. In the same year, the seedlings do not sprout or branch; the seedlings with weak growth and development have little nutrition, although they can sprout normally, but the growth is small, the growth and development of branches is not full, and it is easy to sprout in winter.

2.2.3 No diseases and insect pests

We should strictly do a good job in quarantine and prohibit the planting of diseased seedlings, such as root cancer and jujube disease. Do not introduce species from epidemic areas to prevent the expansion and spread of pathogens, resulting in tree weakness or death, endangering jujube production in the whole garden and even in an area.

2.2.4 serious water loss at the end of the year

The root system of jujube is easy to lose water without water conservation measures. The seedlings with serious water loss are slow, the growth and development is slow, and the development of branches is not full. When storing and transporting seedlings, it is necessary to do a good job in moisturizing seedlings and take various moisturizing measures, such as wet sand burying in ditches, wet saw foam packaging and transportation, etc.

2.3 planting methods

2.3.1 dig and plant holes

Dig planting holes according to different varieties and different densities. The most suitable row spacing is 2mx3m. The planting hole should not be too big or too small, and the width and depth should be 50cm respectively. The topsoil and the subsoil are placed respectively. First, the topsoil and organic fertilizer are mixed into the hole, and then the subsoil is backfilled.

2.3.2 Root soaking and fast planting

In order to ensure that the seedlings are slow and the survival rate is high, the roots should be soaked for 12-24 hours before planting. Due to the drought in spring and poor soil moisture in Liaoning, it is necessary to dig holes quickly, plant the soil quickly, and stabilize the soil so that the root system is in close contact with the soil. immediately after planting, the holes should be sealed after underwater seepage. In the areas with better irrigation conditions, the water can be irrigated again within 1 week after planting, and then the planting holes are covered with black plastic film to preserve soil moisture, increase soil temperature and inhibit the growth of weeds. When covering the film, the center of the hole should be lower than around, so as to facilitate the root system to store Rain Water and the water droplets condensed on the inner surface of the film to flow to the root system.

2.3.3 fixed drying

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