Lay a solid foundation to improve the feeding benefit of growing and finishing pigs

Pig production is the dominant industry of agriculture in our country. Pork accounts for about 67% of the total meat output, and it is an indispensable nutrition for people. Pig manure and urine will play a greater role in increasing agricultural production and the development of organic agriculture. The comprehensive utilization of pigs has great potential and needs to be further developed, and the international and domestic markets of pig products need to be further developed. Therefore, great attention should be paid to the genetic basis, material basis and survival basis of pig production to promote pig production to the goal of high yield, high quality and high efficiency.

1 attach importance to the nutrition and feed matching of pigs

Feed is the material basis of raising pigs, and the nutrients needed to maintain normal life activities and production of pigs come from feed. In the production practice, it can be seen that the weight of some pigs decreases day by day for many reasons, but it is closely related to the small amount of feed and poor quality. The nutrients obtained from the feed of pigs can not meet the needs of maintaining normal life activities. In order to survive, they have to consume the accumulation of the body, resulting in weight loss. The nutrients that pigs get from feed every day are first used to meet the needs of normal life activities, and then used in other aspects such as body weight gain. If the nutrients in the feed are comprehensive and sufficient, the weight gain of pigs will be faster and the feeding benefit will be improved. For example, a growing and finishing pig with a body weight of 50~60kg has an estimated daily gain of 550g and a daily digestible energy of about 22MJ. It is calculated that the energy required for maintenance accounts for about 35% of the total energy; the energy consumed by operation and metabolism accounts for about 25% of the total energy; and the energy consumed for tissue growth accounts for about 40% of the total energy. If the supply is insufficient, the most important thing is to reduce the growth of body tissue and prolong the fattening period, which will inevitably lead to a waste of feed.

After the feed is eaten by pigs, it has to go through a series of complex transformation processes such as digestion, absorption, metabolism and so on. Digestion refers to the process of decomposing macromolecular nutrients in feed into small molecular nutrients that can be easily absorbed by pigs; absorption refers to the process in which digested nutrients enter the blood or lymphatic system and are distributed to the tissues and cells of the body. it is used in metabolism; metabolism refers to a series of chemical and physical actions of nutrients after digestion and absorption. Nutrient metabolism (sugar metabolism, fat metabolism, protein metabolism, mineral metabolism, vitamin metabolism and water metabolism) is first used to maintain metabolism in pigs. Reproduction, lactation, growth and fattening are all based on material metabolism.

The nutrients needed by pigs exist in natural feed, no matter which kind of feed, the nutrients contained in them can not fully meet the nutritional needs of pigs. Therefore, it is usually necessary to use a variety of feeds to prepare pig diets, and amino acids, vitamins and mineral elements need to be added to balance nutrition. The feeding value of feed depends not only on the content of nutrients, but also on the proportion of these substances. The relationship between nutrients is extremely complex. When preparing pig diets, we should pay attention to the "energy-protein ratio", that is, to coordinate energy and protein to the range needed by pig physiology and production, so as to improve feed utilization efficiency and production level. If the proportion is not appropriate, it will not only affect the utilization efficiency of nutrients, cause feed waste, but also cause nutritional disorders, affect the health of pigs, and then reduce the level of production. Some amino acids can be transformed into each other in the body, while there is antagonism between some amino acids. Excessive supply of certain amino acids will reduce the biological value of certain amino acids; the lack of some vitamins can reduce the transformation and utilization efficiency of some organic nutrients; there is coordination, inhibition or antagonism among mineral elements (including major elements and trace elements), as well as with other nutrients. If there is too much calcium in the diet, it will reduce the absorption of magnesium and manganese, and easily cause or aggravate selenium deficiency.

All kinds of pigs should be fed with dry material (or wet mix) to ensure the hygiene of drinking water. In order to satisfy the drinking water of pigs, it is best to use free drinking water. No matter how good the feed quality is, the lack of drinking water will affect the health and feed utilization efficiency of pigs. Breeders should carefully observe the pigs, every day to achieve "three look", that is, usually look at the spirit, feeding to see appetite, sweep to see feces, found abnormal, take immediate measures. The pigs in each enclosure should be relatively stable and should not be often adjusted together, otherwise it will cause stress and frequent bitten fights will occur within 2-3 days after herding, which will affect the feeding and rest of pigs.

It can be seen that in the actual feeding of pigs, not only the necessary nutrients should be supplied according to nutritional needs, but also the proportion of various nutrients should be coordinated. On the basis of understanding the role of various nutrients, it is also necessary to understand the relationship between various nutrients in the process of digestion and metabolism in the body, so as to form a nutritionally balanced full-price feed, make the most effective use of feed, and obtain the best feeding effect.

2 choose breeding pigs with good performance

Improving the feeding benefit of growing and finishing pigs is closely related to the quality of breeding pigs. We should pay attention to the genetic basis and play the role of breeding pigs.

2.1 strengthen breeding and tap the genetic potential of pigs

Pig breeding is one of the important factors related to the overall situation of pig production. There are some differences in performance (such as weight gain rate, feed utilization efficiency, etc.) among breeds (or strains), intra-breeds (or strains) or different hybrid combinations of pigs under similar nutrition level, feeding, environment, management and other conditions. this is related to the genetic basis. The selection and retention of pig breeds must be in accordance with the scientific breeding procedures, after a series of tests, the individuals with outstanding performance must be selected. Some breeding pig farms are rated according to their test results; the best ones are classified as first-class, the second-best ones are rated as first-class, the better ones are classified as second-class (sows can be rated as third-class), and the rest cannot be sold as breeding pigs. Ignoring the genetic basis and only paying attention to the postnatal cultivation, or neglecting the postnatal cultivation and only paying attention to the genetic basis can not achieve the desired results.

Some grass-roots pig farms depress the investment of breeding pigs, and it is difficult to achieve high benefits. Breeding pig is the "mother machine" of producing products, and its quality is related to the production level, product quality and economic benefits. Whether grass-roots pig farms can choose breeding pigs among the offspring of this farm mainly depends on the quality of the pig herd in this farm. Under the premise of good quality, reserve sows can be selected from offspring, and the renewal of boars is best introduced from breeding farms. Serious investigation and research should be carried out during introduction, which should be introduced from pig farms with reliable immunity, good reputation for breeding and no specific infectious diseases, and selected from healthy pigs. When selecting pigs, first look at the archives to understand the basic situation of parents and grandparents; then look at the individual itself, look at the purity in terms of physique and appearance according to the requirements of the breed, and also look at physique, structure, limbs, hooves, gait, external genitals, nipples, and so on. The physique is strong, the structure is symmetrical, the body should be long, the limbs should be normal, the limbs should be high, stout, open, and there are many effective nipples (those who turn over nipples and blind nipples can not be planted). The testicular development of boars should be symmetrical (those with genetic diseases can not be seeded), the external genitalia of sows are normal, and the birth weight, weaning weight and 70-day-old weight of the individual are higher than the average value of the whole litter.

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