A preliminary study on the famous carved wood of boxwood and its substitute

The main results are as follows: 1 the basic situation of buxusspp belongs to buxaceae and bunus, which is called boxwood in English. For evergreen shrubs or small trees, there are more than 70 species in the world, distributed in Europe, Asia, tropical Africa and Central America. There are about 17 species in China and 8 species in Yunnan. According to the record of Chinese Timber Chronicles, there are small tree timber forests distributed or cultivated in Shennongjia Forest region of Hubei, Wuyi Mountain of Jiangxi Province and Sichuan Province, and there are yellow poplars with DBH of about 30cm in Laoshan Forest Farm of Shandong Province. In addition, according to the relevant literature records, although there are 8 species in Yunnan, and they are distributed all over the province, they are mostly scattered on broad-leaved forests, bushes or valley limestone, and there are no natural pure forests or large areas of artificial forests. Because the growth is very slow, it takes about 400 years for the natural growth of Populus tomentosa to reach the DBH 20cm, which is one of the reasons why it is a precious wood. From the mid-1980s to the early 1990s, in the frenzy of deforestation in the country, Yunnan occasionally saw a small batch of commercial timber transported and sold outside the province, with a diameter class of 10-20cm and a length of 1-1.5m, resulting in serious damage to the precious forest germplasm resources left behind by the ancestors. The situation has only been reversed since the state banned the felling of natural forests in 1996, and I am afraid there is no supply of commercial timber in all parts of the country. Not long ago, a manufacturer in Shanghai called Kunming to inquire about the resources of Populus tomentosa and asked whether the United States had exported commercial timber to consult relevant foreign literature. although it is distributed in Europe, tropical Africa and Central America, but there is no bulk supply of commercial timber. Therefore, in order to meet the needs of production, it is imperative to choose an appropriate substitute for wood.

2 Identification and utilization of bmicrophyllas.etz; Populus tomentosa is evergreen Xiao Qiao or shrub, with grayish brown bark, about 5mm in thickness, and fine longitudinal lobes. Distributed in the Yangtze River Basin and its southern provinces and regions. It is mainly distributed in broad-leaved forests, shrubs or valley limestone shrubs in central and northern Yunnan. This material is loose porous wood. Wood color is bright yellow or yellowish brown; heartwood is not distinct; glossy; raw wood section has a slight smell of soil; taste is slightly bitter; growth ring is not obvious to slightly obvious, uneven width (0.20-o.30mm, average o.25mm). The evening lining is a little darker. There are many tube holes, very small to very small, which can not be seen at all in the flesh, and only slightly clear under a magnifying glass; usually a single tube hole with a thin short diameter (2); in the growth ring, it gradually decreases from inside to outside, and the distribution is uneven; scattered. The yellowish brown fine lines formed by the late wood belt are faintly seen in the longitudinal section. The axial parenchyma is not seen. Wood rays are slightly dense; extremely fine to slightly fine, faintly visible in front of the flesh, clear under a magnifying glass. The ripple marks and intercellular channels are absent. Oblique wood texture; structure is very fine to very fine, uniform; the material is slightly hard and heavy (air-dry density 0.85g/cm wooden ³³); slow drying, stable size after drying, not warping crack; strong resistance to insects; easy sawing, excellent turning and carving performance, extremely smooth and meticulous cutting surface; bright and beautiful after painting; easy to glue, strong nail grip. The wood of the genus Populus tomentosa has very similar materials and little difference. The structure is meticulous and uniform, the material color is elegant and pleasing to the eye, and there is no sense of hardness when cutting, so it is most suitable for small carving and spinning all kinds of art handicrafts. For a long time, it has been used as a wooden base for ivory and jade carvings, as well as a high-quality raw material for precious seals. It is also often used for turning makeup and toys, combs, mosaic handicrafts, folk musical instruments such as erhu handles and spools, exquisite wooden boxes, wooden rulers, wooden shuttles, abacus beads, tool handles, chess pieces, pipes and walking sticks, etc.

3. Brief introduction of alternative tree species wood

3. Adinacordifolia;a.spp, also known as water yellow cotton, commonly known as boxwood, English name adina. Rubiaceae is a deciduous tree with a height of 30m and a DBH of 1m. Western Yunnan hot areas and Hainan, India, Sri Lanka, Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia, Myanmar, Thailand are distributed, Yunnan-Burma ports often have imported materials. The wood is loose porous wood with bright yellow to dark yellowish brown; heartwood has no difference; glossy; raw wood has a pungent smell and disappears after drying; the taste is slightly bitter. The growth rings are inconspicuous to slightly conspicuous, the width is uneven, and there are dark bands between the rings, 4 rounds per centimeter. Tube holes are slightly to many; single and short diameter compound holes (2mur4); very small to slightly small, slightly seen under magnifying glass; slightly consistent size and uniform distribution; no intrusive body; scattered; axial parenchyma is not seen. There are many wood rays, very fine to very fine, which can be seen under a magnifying glass, but the ray markings are not obvious on the diameter section (invisible to the naked eye). The ripple marks and intercellular channels are absent. The wood texture is straight or oblique; the structure is very fine and uniform; the hardness and weight are medium (air-dry density 0.69g/cm ³); slow drying, non-warping, stable size after drying; strong insect resistance; easy cutting, smooth section, good turning performance. Generally used as toys, wooden rulers, pens, gauze tubes, thread centers, wood edges, and can be used for decoration and carving, mirror frames, photo frames, piano keys, etc.; beautiful color, but also often used as furniture, instrument boxes, combs, industrial and agricultural tools handles, brushes and other daily utensils. Because of its strong resistance to insects and decay, people in producing areas are often used as building frames, purlin doors and windows, and so on. Common industrial materials in India. To sum up, according to its color, material and processing properties, it can be considered as an ideal material to replace boxwood. There are about 30 species of this genus, which are distributed in tropical and subtropical regions of Asia and America, about 10 species in China and 4 species in Yunnan. There are 9 kinds of commercial materials available in Southeast Asia. The wood color, material is similar, the air-dry density is between 0.66-0.98g/cm ³, the use is also slightly the same. The wood of the following genera of Rubiaceae can also consider ① canthiumspp, which is called butulangcanthium in English. There are about 200 species of plants in this genus. There are 5 species in China and 4 species in Yunnan, which are native to tropical Asia, Africa and Oceania. Among them, c.dicoccum is an evergreen tree, which is produced in Guangdong, Guangdong, Hainan and Yunnan. Indochina Peninsula, Malay Peninsula, Indonesia, Philippines and Australia. Its wood is also loose porous wood, brown or yellowish brown; glossy; the structure is very fine and uniform; the material is slightly hard and heavy (air-dry density 0.81g/cm3); big-leaf fishbone wood (c. Fish-bone wood (c. Fish-bone wood), produced in Guangxi, Hainan and Yunnan, their wood color, material, processing properties and uses are slightly the same as those of water blossoms. ② ebony (naucleaspp) and new ebony (neonaucleaspp); English name ffsthead-tree. The former is about 30 species, distributed in tropical Asia, Africa and Oceania, 1 species in China, producing in Guangdong, Guangdong and Yunnan, more than 10 species in Southeast Asia, about 50 species in ◇, about 15 species in Southeast Asia, 4 species in China and 3 species in Yunnan. The wood of the two tree species are yellow to orange porous wood, the structure is fine and uniform, the material is slightly hard and heavy (air-dry density 0.55-0.88g/cm3), the processability is similar, the utilization situation is similar, can try to replace. ③ mast (gardeniaspp), English name gardenia or box-wood. About 50 species are distributed in tropical and subtropical regions all over the world. There are 7 species in China, which are distributed in Guangdong, Guangdong, Yunnan, Hainan and Taiwan. There are 4 species in Yunnan, but only one species of g.seotepensis is deciduous tree. There are 6 kinds of export commodities in Southeast Asia. The wood is milky white or yellowish white porous wood; the texture is straight; the structure is very fine and uniform; the material is slightly hard and heavy (air-dry density 0.77-0.86g/cm ³). The use is slightly the same, you can try to replace it. ④ bark (randiaspp), whose English name is randia. About 230 species, distributed in tropical regions of the world. There are 18 species in China, from southwest to southeast, and 12 species in Yunnan, among which r.cochinchinensis, r.canthioides and r.wallichii are the most common evergreen trees. Five kinds of merchandise materials are exported in Southeast Asia. The wood is porous; yellow to yellowish brown; the texture is oblique; the structure is very fine and uniform; the material is slightly hard and heavy (air-dry density 0.72-0.82g/cm ³). The tree species of Rubiaceae listed above are very similar in color and material, and their uses are also slightly the same, so they can be replaced by trial.

3.2 symplocosspp, also known as mountain alum, English name sweet-leaf belongs to the symplocaceae family, about 300 species, about 80 species distributed in tropical Asia, America, Africa and China, mainly distributed in forest areas in the south. There is a small supply of commercial materials in Southeast Asia. The wood is loose porous wood, the color is yellowish white to yellowish brown and reddish; the difference between heartwood and sapwood is not obvious; the texture is straight; the structure is fine to very fine, uniform; the weight is medium to heavy (air-dry density 0.55-0.85g/cm ³; Nanling ash wood sconfusa0.80g/cm ³); the drying speed is medium; the processability is good, the section is smooth, suitable for turning. Generally used for industrial and agricultural tools handle, wooden ruler, brush handle, chess pieces, toys, carving, mosaic, house construction and interior decoration and so on. There are many kinds, and the ones with higher density can be chosen instead. For example, black mountain alum (s.discolor, light yellowish brown wood, air-dry density 0.71g/cm ³) produced in Yunnan can be used on a trial basis.

3. Evonymusspp, whose English name is spindle-tree. It belongs to celastraceae, with about 150 species, distributed in the north temperate zone. There are about 90 species in China, and there are 70 species in Yunnan. Most of them are shrubs or small trees. Yunnan produces several species such as e.oblongifolius, e.hamiltonismus and e.grandiflous. The wood is porous wood. The wood color is yellow and white, heartwood has no difference; glossy; texture is straight or oblique; structure is very fine and uniform; weight and hardness are medium (0.73g/cm ³from Yunnan; e.nyriantha0.78g/cm ³from Guangdong); good processability; easy cutting, Yuri turning. It is most suitable for carving, turning, stationery (wood ruler, triangle board, pencil pole, pencil pole, drawing board, etc.), seal, wood carving, jade carving and tooth carving wood base, turning toys and decorations, mosaic technology, combs, spools, chess pieces, wood shoes, etc., it is an ideal raw material to replace boxwood.

3.4 wrightiaspp, English name commonwrightia. It belongs to the family apocynaceae, with about 30 species, distributed in the tropical regions of the world. There are 6 species in China, 5 species in Yunnan and more than 10 species in Southeast Asia. The wood is porous wood. Wood color light yellowish brown; heartwood distinction is not obvious; glossy; no special smell and taste; straight texture; very fine structure, uniform; hardness and weight of medium (air-dry density 0.51-0.62b/cm ³); easy processing; fast drying, good rotation performance, smooth section; excellent materials for carving and lathe workers. Suitable for carving seals, decorative wood carvings and other arts and crafts, toys, chess pieces, pens, mirror frames, mosaics and pencil poles, etc., it is very beautiful for furniture and interior decoration, and is a high-quality raw material instead of boxwood.

3. 5 Camellia (camelliaspp), English name camellia. It belongs to theaceae (theaceae), about 200species, distributed in the east and southeast of Asia, and about 190species in China, distributed in the provinces south of the Yangtze River. There are 60 species in Yunnan, most of which are evergreen shrubs or small trees to trees. Wood is loose porous wood to semi-annular porous wood, the color of wood is yellowish brown to light reddish brown; heartwood is not distinct; glossy; no special smell and taste; growth ring is generally slightly obvious, uneven width; tube pore number; very small, slightly uniform distribution under magnifying glass; scattered. The axial parenchyma is not seen. Wood rays are sparse to slightly dense, very fine to medium. The wood texture is oblique and staggered; the structure is very fine and uniform; the weight and hardness are heavy to hard (air-dry density 0.73-0.95g/cm ³); Guangning Camellia oleifera csemiserrata0.85g/cm ³from Guangdong; c.cuspidatao.75g/cm ³from Guangxi); slow drying; corrosion resistance; cutting to slightly difficult, the section is very smooth, especially suitable for turning. Commonly used for industrial and agricultural tools, farm tools and household products, canes, toys, combs, carvings (such as printed plates, seals and decorations, etc.), can be used as a trial substitute.

3.6Loquat (eriobotryaspp), loquat in English. Belongs to the rosaceae family, evergreen trees or shrubs. There are about 30 species, mainly distributed in temperate and subtropical Asia. There are 13 species in China and 9 species in Yunnan. The wood is porous wood. Wood color light red brown to grayish red brown yellowish; heartwood difference is not obvious; glossy; no special smell and taste; growth ring is slightly obvious, uneven width, late wood with slightly dark color. There are many holes in the tube, which are very small. Only under the magnifying glass, the size is slightly the same, the distribution is quite uniform; scattered. The axial parenchyma is not seen. Medium to slightly dense wood rays, very fine to slightly fine, visible under a magnifying glass; ray markings visible to the naked eye, wood texture oblique crisscross; structure very fine; uniform; material slightly hard and heavy (air-dry density o.73-0.97g/cm ³; Guangdong loquat e.cavaleriei0.81g/cm3, mountain loquat e.fragrans 0.97 g / cm 3; Guangxi loquat ejaponica0.88g/cm3, mountain loquat 0.93g/cm3); slightly difficult to process, but good spinning performance. Generally used as lathe workers, carving (seals, decorative arts and crafts, etc.), combs, industrial and agricultural tools, weighing bars, etc., can try to substitute.

3.7Photinia (photiniaspp), also known as grouper wood, English name photinia. Also belongs to Rosaceae, deciduous or evergreen, trees or shrubs. About 60 species, produced in southeastern Asia and North America. There are about 40 species in China and 20 species in Yunnan. The wood is porous wood. The wood color is yellow and white to light reddish brown; the difference between heartwood and sapwood is slightly obvious; the growth ring is slightly obvious, with a light color band between the rings; shiny; no special smell and taste. Tube holes are many, very small, under the magnifying glass is not clear, the same size, slightly uniform distribution; scattered. The axial parenchyma is not seen. Wood rays are slightly dense to dense, extremely fine to slightly fine, visible under a magnifying glass, and ray markings are visible to the naked eye on the radial section. The wood texture is straight or oblique, the structure is very fine and uniform, and the weight hardness is moderate to heavy (ph.beauverdiana air-dry density of Photinia ellipsoides from Guangxi, air-dry density 0.68g; Photinia ph.serrulata0.88g/cm3;, Guangdong; Photinia 0.98g, photinia ph.prunifolia0.99g/cm3 from Anhui, Guangxi, ph.prunifolia0.99g/cm3). The utility model has the advantages of good processability, easy cutting, smooth section, slow drying and corrosion resistance. Commonly used for decorating wood carvings and seals, combs, wooden edges, piano handles, turning toys, chess pieces, wooden buttons, abacus bead frames, weighing rods, chopsticks, industrial and agricultural tools handles, wheels and so on. You can try to substitute it.

Soorbusspp, whose English name is mountain-ash. Deciduous trees or shrubs of Rosaceae, about 80 species, producing north temperate zone. There are about 50 species in China and 40 species in Yunnan, and more than 10 species have timber value. Most of the wood is loose-porous wood (a few ring-porous wood), the wood color is light yellow, grayish brown to light yellow brown, the difference between heartwood and sapwood is not obvious, the heart color of the old tree is slightly darker, shiny; no special smell and taste. The growth ring is not obvious to slightly obvious, and there is a dark band between the rings. Tube holes are many, very small to very small, slightly seen under the magnifying glass, slightly consistent in size, fairly uniform in distribution, oblique or radial. The axial parenchyma can not be seen under the magnifying glass, with wheel boundary and parafubular shape. Wood rays are dense, very fine to slightly fine, slightly seen under a magnifying glass, and very fine ray markings can be seen with the naked eye on the radial section. The ripple mark is absent; the intercellular pathway is not seen. The wood texture is straight; the structure is very fine and uniform; the hardness and weight are medium (s.pohuashanensis air-dry density 0.61 g s.wallichii0.70g/cm3 in northeast China; Juglans mandshurica s.wallichii0.70g/cm3 in Yunnan); slow drying, stable size after drying; corrosion resistance; easy cutting, smooth and meticulous section. It is most suitable for carving and spinning products. The famous Jianchuan wood carvings in China are mostly made of Juglans mandshurica in Yunnan, and are often used as carved furniture and handicrafts. It can also be used for seals, printing boards and decorations, abacus beads, pipes, toys, stationery, combs, mirror frames, walking sticks, handles of industrial and agricultural tools, etc. It can be used on a trial basis.